Acetochlor 乙草胺

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乙草胺

乙草胺是一种广泛应用的除草剂。由美国孟山都公司于1971年开发成功,是目前世界上最重要的除草剂品种之一,也是目前我国使用量最大的除草剂之一。考虑到暴露在乙草胺每日摄取容许量以上对人体的潜在危害,以及地表水中乙草胺代谢物对人体的危害,现在还不能排除基因毒性的存在,欧盟委员会决定不予除草剂乙草胺再登记,已下令欧盟成员国在2012年7月23日取消其登记。现存库存的使用宽限期不能超过12个月。

其它名称:禾耐斯。
英文名称:acetochlor。
化学名称:2-乙基-6甲基--N-乙氧基甲基-α-氯代乙酰替苯胺。
分子式:C14H20ClNO2。
分子量:269.8。 
结构式:如右图。
运输注意事项:乙草胺属国家规定的危险化学品,危险货物编号:61901

理化性质
乙草胺纯品为淡黄色液体,原药因含有杂质而呈现深红色。性质稳定,不易挥发和光解。不溶于水,易溶于有机溶剂。熔点大于0℃ ,蒸汽压大于133.3pa,沸点大于200℃,不易挥发和光解。30℃时与水的相对密度为1.11,在水中的溶解度微23mg/l。

常用剂型
990g/L乙草胺乳油、900g/L乙草胺乳油、50%乙草胺乳油、50%乙草胺微乳剂、、50%乙草胺水乳剂。

适用作物
玉米、棉花、豆类、花生、马铃薯、油菜、大蒜、烟草、向日葵、蓖麻、大葱等。

防除对象
一年生禾本科杂草和部分小粒种子的阔叶杂草。对马唐、狗尾草、牛筋草、稗草、千金子、看麦娘、野燕麦、早熟禾、硬草、画眉草等一年生禾本科杂草有特效,对藜科、苋科、蓼科、鸭跖草、牛繁缕、莬丝子等阔叶杂草也有一定的防效,但是效果比对禾本科杂草差,对多年生杂草无效。

作用机理
乙草胺是选择性芽前处理除草剂,主要通过单子叶植物的胚芽鞘或双子叶植物的下胚轴吸收,吸收后向上传导,主要通过阻碍蛋白质合成而抑制细胞生长,使杂草幼芽、幼根生长停止,进而死亡。禾本科杂草吸收乙草胺的能力比阔叶杂草强,所以防除禾本科杂草的效果优于阔叶杂草。乙草胺在土壤中的持效期45天左右,主要通过微生物降解,在土壤中的移动性小,主要保持在0-3厘米土层中。

使用方法
大豆田:东北地区春大豆每亩用90%乙草胺乳油120-150毫升,华北地区春大豆每亩用90%乙草胺乳油100-120毫升,华北地区夏大豆每亩用90%乙草胺乳油80-100毫升,播种前或播种后出苗前表土喷雾。
玉米田:东北地区春玉米每亩用90%乙草胺乳油120-150毫升,华北地区春玉米每亩用90%乙草胺乳油100-120毫升,华北地区夏玉米每亩用90%乙草胺乳油80-100毫升,长江流域及华南地区玉米田每亩用90%乙草胺乳油60-80毫升,播种前或播种后出苗前表土喷雾。
花生田:华北地区春花生每亩用90%乙草胺乳油100-120毫升,华北地区夏播花生每亩用90%乙草胺乳油80-100毫升,长江流域及华南地区每亩用90%乙草胺乳油60-80毫升,播种前或播种后出苗前表土喷雾。
棉田:华北地区地膜覆盖棉田每亩用90%乙草胺乳油80-100毫升,新疆地区地膜覆盖棉田每亩用90%乙草胺乳油100-120毫升,播种前或播种后覆膜前表土喷雾。露地直播棉田比地膜覆盖棉田用药量提高30%。棉田施用乙草胺后遇到低温高湿天气,棉苗生长可能受到较微影响,一般情况下晴天后即可恢复生长。
马铃薯田:每亩用90%乙草胺乳油100-140毫升,播种前或播种后出苗前表土喷雾。
油菜田:长江流域及华南地区移栽油菜田,每亩用90%乙草胺乳油60-80毫升,移栽前或移栽后表土喷雾。北方直播油菜田,每亩用90%乙草胺乳油100-120毫升,播种前或播种后出苗前表土喷雾。
甘蔗田:每亩用90%乙草胺乳油80-100毫升,种植前或种植后表土喷雾。
大蒜田:每亩用90%乙草胺乳油80-100毫升,种植前或种植后表土喷雾。
施用乙草胺的喷液量一般应掌握在20-25千克,土壤干旱时应先灌水后施药,或施药后混土4-6厘米,以保证药效。

注意事项
(1)砂质土壤使用低剂量,粘质土壤使用高剂量。
(2)东北地区有机质含量超过4%的土壤,用药量应提高30%左右。
(3)土壤含水量低时,使用高剂量,土壤含水量高旱,使用低剂量。
(4)因我国北方地区春季天气干旱,在北方春季大面积施用乙草胺时,最好在播种前或移栽前施药,以便于进行机械化混土作业。
(5)小麦、水稻、谷子、高粱、黄瓜、西瓜、甜瓜、菠菜、韭菜对乙草胺敏感,应慎用。

 

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acetochlor
Herbicide
HRAC K3 WSSA 15; chloroacetamide

  Acetochlor

NOMENCLATURE
Common name acetochlor (BSI, E-ISO, ANSI, WSSA); acétochlore ((m) F-ISO)
IUPAC name 2-chloro-N-ethoxymethyl-6'-ethylaceto-o-toluidide
Chemical Abstracts name 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide
CAS RN [34256-82-1] EEC no. 251-899-3 Development codes MON 097 (Monsanto)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Tech. is 92% pure. Mol. wt. 269.8 M.f. C14H20ClNO2 Form Clear viscous liquid; (tech. is a wine red to yellow or amber oil). M.p. 10.6 °C B.p. 172 ºC/5 mmHg V.p. 6.0 mPa (25 °C) KOW logP = 4.14 Henry 3.83 ´ 10-1 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.1221 (20 °C) Solubility In water 223 mg/l (25 ºC). Soluble in diethyl ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and toluene. Stability Stable for over 2 years at 20 ºC (EC formulation). F.p. 160 °C (Tag closed cup)

COMMERCIALISATION
History Herbicide discovered and introduced by Monsanto Co. Manufacturers Dow AgroSciences; ÉMV; Monsanto; Nitrokémia; Sharda; Sinon; Sundat

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Inhibits cell division by blocking protein synthesis; more recent research suggests chloroacetamides may inhibit synthesis of very long chain fatty acids (J. Schmalfuss et al., Abstr. Meeting WSSA, Toronto, 40, 117-118, 2000; P. Böger, Abstr. III Int. Weed Control Congr., Brazil 2000). Maize tolerance of chloroacetamides is due mainly to conjugation with glutathione; P450 metabolism may also be a factor. Mode of action Selective herbicide, absorbed mainly by the shoots and secondarily by the roots of germinating plants. Uses Used pre-emergence or pre-plant to control annual grasses, certain annual broad-leaved weeds and yellow nutsedge in maize (at 3 kg/ha), peanuts, soya beans, cotton, potatoes and sugar cane. Formulation types CS; EC. Selected products: mixtures: 'Degree' (+ furilazole) (Monsanto); 'Guardian' (+ furilazole) (Monsanto); 'Harness' (+ furilazole) (Monsanto); 'Acenit' (+ AD 67) (Nitrokémia); 'Erunit' (+ AD 67+ atrazine) (Nitrokémia); 'Keystone' (+ atrazine+ dichlormid) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Sacemid A' (+ TI-35) (ÉMV); 'Surpass' (+ dichlormid) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Trophy' (+ dichlormid) (Dow AgroSciences)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'TopHand' (Monsanto); 'Acetocas' (CAS); 'Curagrass' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Relay' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Sprint' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Vault' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Wenner' (Dow AgroSciences) mixtures: 'Channel' (+ furilazole) (Monsanto); 'Degree Xtra' (+ atrazine) (with safener) (Monsanto); 'Field Master' (+ atrazine+ glyphosate-isopropylammonium) (Monsanto); 'Harness Xtra' (+ atrazine) (Monsanto); 'Kadet' (+ furilazole) (Monsanto); 'Double Play' (+ EPTC) (Syngenta); 'FulTime' (+ atrazine+ dichlormid) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Racer Duo' (+ flurochloridone) (Agan); 'TopNotch' (+ dichlormid) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Trophée' (+ dichlormid) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Twin Pack Premix' (+ flurochloridone) (Agan) Discontinued products mixtures: 'Surpass 100' * (+ atrazine+ dichlormid) (Dow AgroSciences)

ANALYSIS
Product by glc. Residues by hplc. Details from Monsanto.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 2148 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits 4166 mg/kg. Contact sensitisation reactions observed in guinea pigs. Practically non-irritating to eyes and skin (rabbits). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >3.0 mg/l air. NOEL (2 y) for rats 11 mg/kg b.w. daily; (1 y) for dogs 2 mg/kg b.w. daily. ADI 0.02 mg/kg b.w. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III EC classification Xn; R20| Xi; R37/38| R43| N; R50, R53

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail 1260 mg/kg. LC50 (5 d) for quail and mallard ducks >5620 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout 0.36, bluegill sunfish 1.5 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) 9 mg/l. Bees LD50 (24 h) (contact) >200 mg/bee; (oral) >100 mg/bee. Worms LC50 (14 d) 211 mg/kg.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals The primary routes of metabolism are glutathione conjugation and metabolism by cytochrome P450. Plants In maize and soya beans, rapidly absorbed and metabolised in the germinating plant. In maize, the first metabolite is glutathione, and in soya beans homoglutathione (E. J. Breaux, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1986, 34, 884). Soil/Environment Adsorbed by soil, with little leaching. Microbial degradation accounts for most loss from soil; DT50 8-18 d.