Validamycin 井冈霉素

井冈霉素

其他名称 有效霉素
英文名称： Validamycin
分子式/结构式：C20H35O13N 井冈霉素结构式
分子量：497.51
毒性 属低毒杀菌剂。纯品大小鼠急性经口LD50均大于2000毫克/公斤，皮下注射LD50均大于1500毫克/公斤。5000毫克/公斤涂抹大鼠皮肤无中毒反应。对鱼类低毒，鲤鱼TLM(96h) LD50>40毫克/升。
理化性质：纯品为白色无定型粉末，溶于水、二甲基甲酰胺，微溶于乙醇，不溶于丙酮、苯、乙酸乙酯、等有机溶剂，吸湿性强，在室温PH3-9水溶液中稳定。
剂型：5%、30%水剂，
2%、3%、4%、5%、12%、15%、17%水溶性粉剂，
0.33%粉剂。

特点
井冈霉素是一种放线菌产生的抗生素，具有较强的内吸性，易被菌体细胞吸收并在其内迅速传导，干扰和抑制菌体细胞生长和发育。
适用范围 主要用于水稻纹枯病，也可用于水稻稻曲病、玉米大小斑病以及蔬菜和棉花、豆类等作物病害的防治。多年大规模的田间使用结果充分显示其“防效高、无药害、无污染”的环保型农药的特点，深受国内外用户欢迎

使用方法
1、水稻病害的防治
纹枯病一般在水稻封行后至抽穗前期或盛发初期，每次每亩用5%可溶性粉剂100-150克，兑水75-100公斤，针兑水稻中下部喷雾或泼浇，间隔期7-15天，施药1-3次； 井冈霉素水剂
水稻稻曲病，在水稻孕穗期，每亩用5%水剂100-150毫升，兑水50-75公斤喷雾。
2、棉花立枯病的防治 用5%水剂500-1000倍液，按3毫升/平方米药溶液量灌苗床。
3、麦类纹枯病的防治 用100公斤种子用5%水剂600-800毫升，对少量的水均匀叶喷在麦种，搅拌均匀，堆闷几小时后播种。也可在田间病株率达到30%左右时，每亩用5%井冈霉素水剂100-150毫升，兑水60-75公斤喷雾。

注意事项
1、可与除碱以外的多种农药混用。
2、属抗菌素类农药，应存放在阴凉干燥处，并注意防腐、防霉、防热。

国内主要生产商
浙江桐庐汇丰生物化工有限公司
浙江钱江生物化学股份有限公司.
郑州中联化工产品有限公司
湖北武汉科诺生物科技股份有限公司

validamycin
See also The BioPesticide Manual, 2nd Ed., entry 2:146
Fungicide
FRAC 26, H3; antibiotic

NOMENCLATURE
Common name validamycin (JMAF); validamycin A (Japanese Antibiotics Research Association)
IUPAC name 1L-(1,3,4/2,6)-2,3-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-4-[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylcyclohex-2-enylamino]cyclohexyl b-D-glucopyranoside
Chemical Abstracts name [1S-(1a,4a,5b,6a)]-1,5,6-trideoxy-4-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino]-D-chiro-inositol
CAS RN [37248-47-8]; [38665-10-0] validoxylamine A (metabolite)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 497.5 M.f. C20H35NO13 Form Colourless, odourless, hygroscopic powder. M.p. 125.9 °C V.p. <2.6 ´ 10-3 mPa (25 °C) KOW logP = -4.21 (calc.) S.g./density 1.402 (20 °C) Solubility In water >610 ´ 103 mg/l (20 °C). In hexane, toluene, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate < 0.01, acetone 0.0266, methanol 62.3 (all in g/l, 20 °C). Stability Stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 9 (25 °C). Specific rotation [a]D24 +110?(water); hydrochloride [a]D22 = +49?(c = 1 in water) pKa 6.14 (20 °C)

COMMERCIALISATION
Production By the fermentation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus nov. var. History Antibiotic described by T. Iwasa et al. (J. Antibiot., 1970, 23, 595). Correct structure reported by T. Suami et al. (ibid., 1980, 33, 98). Introduced by Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd (now Sumitomo Chemical Takeda Agro Company Ltd) and first marketed in Japan in 1972. Manufacturers Sharda; Sumitomo Chemical Takeda

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Inhibitor of trehalase, an enzyme which mediates the digestion of the carbohydrate trehalose and transport of glucose to the hyphals tips. Mode of action Non-systemic antibiotic with fungistatic action. Causes abnormal branching of the tips of the pathogen, followed by cessation of further development. Uses Control of Rhizoctonia solani in rice, potatoes, vegetables, strawberries, tobacco, ginger and other crops; damping-off diseases of cotton, rice and sugar beet, etc. Applied as a foliar spray, soil drench, seed dressing, or by soil incorporation, at 1.25-1.56 g/ha (liquid), 9-12 g/ha (DL formulation), and 0.090 mg/kg (DL or seed dressing). Formulation types [DL]; DP; DS; SL; Liquid. Selected products: 'Validacin' (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda); 'Mycin' (Sanonda); 'Rhizocin' (Nagarjuna Agrichem); 'Vivadamy' (Vipesco)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Sheathmar' (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda, Dhanuka); 'Valimun' (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda); 'Solacol' (Bayer CropScience); 'Valida' (Nichimen) mixtures: 'Dantotsupadanvalida' (+ cartap hydrochloride+ clothianidin) (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda); 'Hustler' (+ cartap hydrochloride+ clothianidin+ ferimzone+ phthalide) (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda); 'Kasu-rab-valida-sumi' (+ fenitrothion+ kasugamycin+ phthalide) (Hokko); 'Kasu-rab-validatrebon' (+ etofenprox+ kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate+ phthalide) (Hokko); 'Vimix' (+ 1-naphthylacetic acid+ 2-naphthyloxyacetic acid) (Vipesco)

ANALYSIS
Product and residue analysis by glc of a derivative with FID (K. Nishi & K. Konishi, Anal. Methods Pestic. Plant Growth Regul., 1976, 8, 309).

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats and mice >20 000 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >5000 mg/kg. Non-irritating to skin (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >5 mg/l air. NOEL In 90 d feeding trials, rats receiving 1000 mg/kg diet and mice receiving 2000 mg/kg diet showed no ill-effects. In 2 y feeding trials, NOEL for rats was 40.4 mg/kg b.w. daily. Other Non-mutagenic in bacterial reversion assay systems. Non-teratogenic. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) U; EPA (formulation) IV

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds No effect on chickens or quail at 12.5 g/kg administered orally. Fish LC50 (72 h) for carp >40 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (24 h) for D. pulex >40 mg/l.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals In rats, following oral administration, cleavage to glucose and validoxylamine A occurs. Plants As for animals. Soil/Environment Stable in sunlight. Rapid microbial degradation in soil, forming validoxylamine A; DT50 £5 h.