Trifluralin 氟乐灵

氟乐灵

氟乐灵应用 适用于大豆、棉花、玉米、小麦、旱稻、甘蔗、甜菜、向日葵、番茄、甘蓝、菜豆、胡萝卜、芹菜、香菜等40多种作物及果园、林业苗圃、花卉、草坪、种植 园等防除稗草、野燕麦、狗尾草、马唐、牛筋草、碱茅、千金子、早熟禾、看麦娘、藜、苋、繁缕、猪毛菜、宝盖草、马齿苋等一年生禾本科杂草及部分双子叶杂草。

英文通用名称： Trifluralin
其他名称： 茄科宁、特福力、氟特力。 氟乐灵
化学名称：2,6-二硝基-N,N-二正丙基-4-三氟甲基苯胺
结构式：（见上面的图） 分子式：C13H16F3N3O4
相对分子质量：335.279
毒性： 对人畜低毒。大鼠急性口服LD50>10000毫克/公斤，兔急性经皮LD50>20000毫克/公斤。对鸟类低毒，对鱼类高毒。
剂型： 24%、48%乳油，5%、50%颗粒剂。
特点： 易挥发、易光解、水溶剂极小，不易在土层中移动。是选择性芽前土壤处理剂，主要通过杂草的胚芽鞘与胚轴吸收。对已出土杂草无效。对禾本科和部分小粒种子的阔叶杂草有效，持效期长。
适用范围： 适用于棉花、大豆、油菜、花生、土豆、冬小麦、大麦、向日葵、胡萝卜、甘蔗、番茄、茄子、辣椒、卷心菜、花菜、芹菜及果园、桑园、瓜类等作物，防除稗草、马唐、牛筋草、石茅高粱、千金子、大画眉草、早熟禾、雀麦、硬草、棒头草、苋、藜、马齿苋、繁缕、蓼、匾蓄、蒺藜等1年禾本科和部分阔叶杂草。氟乐灵不能用在玉米上，玉米会出现生长减缓等药害症状。
使用方法

1.棉田 播前整好地，每亩用48%乳油125-150毫升，兑水50公斤，均匀喷布土表，随即混土2-3cm，混土后即可播种。
2.大豆田 地整好后，每亩用48%乳油100-150毫升，兑水35公斤，均匀喷布土表，随即混土1-3cm，在北方春大豆播种区，施药后5-7天播，在南方夏大豆种植区，施药后隔天即可播种。
3.油菜、花生、芝麻和蔬菜田 播前3-7天施药，每亩用48%乳油100-150毫升，兑水均匀喷布土表，立即混土。向日葵、红麻、胡萝卜、芹菜、茴香、架豆、豌豆等。可在施药后立即播种。

注意事项
1.氟乐灵蒸气压高，在棉花地膜覆盖时使用，48%乳油，量不宜超过100毫升；在叶菜类蔬菜地使用，药量不宜超过150毫升，以免产生药害。
2.氟乐灵蒸气压高，在棉花地膜覆盖时使用，48%乳油，量不宜超过100毫升；在叶菜类蔬菜地使用，药量不超过150毫升，以免产生药害。
3.氟乐灵易挥发、光解，施药后必须立即混土。

氟乐灵性能及应用介绍
性能 选择性芽前二硝基苯胺类除草剂。商品名特福力、 喷洒农药
氟特力。密封保存稳定期为3年。能与大多数农药混配。对高等动物低毒，对家兔眼睛、皮肤有刺激作用。
作用机制 对已出土杂草无效。施药后要立即混土 ，在温暖潮湿的土壤中，按推荐药量，药效长8~12周。
大豆于播前5~7天土壤处理，立即交叉混土5~7厘米深。用药量根据土壤有机质含量不同而异，一般每公顷用48%氟乐灵乳油1.5~3升。与灭草猛、嗪草酮、甲羧除草醚等除草剂混用，可互补不足，扩大杀草谱，提高作物安全性。油菜、花生、芝麻、棉花、十字花科蔬菜等作物田使用，应在播前或苗前施药。不可在百合科、菊科、茄科、葫芦科、藜科蔬菜的直播育苗田中应用，对移载蔬菜番茄、茄子、柿子椒、甘蓝、菜花等，应在移载前或移载后杂草出苗前使用，在移载黄瓜田，待苗高10~15厘米上架时方可作土壤处理，移栽芹菜、洋葱、沟葱、老根韭菜，缓苗后可应用。

trifluralin
Herbicide
HRAC K1 WSSA 3; dinitroaniline

NOMENCLATURE
Common name trifluralin (BSI, E-ISO, ANSI, WSSA, JMAF); trifluraline ((f) F-ISO)
IUPAC name a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine
Chemical Abstracts name 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine
CAS RN [1582-09-8] EEC no. 216-428-8 Development codes L-36 352 (DowElanco); EL-152 (Lilly)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 335.3 M.f. C13H16F3N3O4 Form Yellow-orange crystals. M.p. 48.5-49 ºC; (tech., 43-47.5 ºC) B.p. 96-97 °C/24 Pa V.p. 6.1 mPa (25 ºC) (EEC A4) KOW logP = 4.83 (20 ºC) (EEC A8) Henry 15 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.36 (22 ºC) (EEC A3) Solubility In water 0.184 (pH 5), 0.221 (pH 7), 0.189 (pH 9) (all in mg/l) (EEC A6); tech. 0.343 (pH 5), 0.395 (pH 7), 0.383 (pH 9) (all in mg/l) (EEC A6). In acetone, chloroform, acetonitrile, toluene, ethyl acetate >1000, methanol 33-40, hexane 50-67 (all in g/l, 25 ºC). Stability Stable at 52 ºC (highest storage temperature tested). Stable to hydrolysis at pH values of 3, 6 and 9 (52 ºC). Decomposed by u.v. irradiation (E. Leitis & D. G. Crosby, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1974, 22, 842). F.p. 151 ºC (closed cup); tech. 153 ºC (open cup) (both Pensky-Martens)

COMMERCIALISATION
History Herbicide reported by E. F. Alder et al. (Proc. North Cent. Weed Control Conf., 1960, p. 23). Introduced in USA (1961) by Eli Lilly & Co. (agrochemical interests now Dow AgroSciences). Patents US 3257190 Manufacturers Agrochem; Atanor; Budapest Chemical; Dintec; Drexel; Makhteshim-Agan; Milenia; Nortox; Nufarm Ltd; Oxon; Q.E.A.C.A.; Westrade

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Microtubule assembly inhibition. Mode of action Selective soil-herbicide, which acts by entering the seedling in the hypocotyl region. Also inhibits root development. Uses Pre-emergence control of many annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in brassicas, beans, peas, carrots, parsnips, lettuce, capsicums, tomatoes, artichokes, onions, garlic, vines, strawberries, raspberries, citrus fruit, oilseed rape, peanuts, soya beans, sunflowers, safflowers, ornamentals, cotton, sugar beet, sugar cane, and in forestry. Used with linuron or isoproturon for control of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in winter cereals. Normally applied pre-planting with soil incorporation, at 0.5-1.0 kg/ha, but post-planting application is also possible for some crops. Formulation types EC; GR. Selected products: 'Treflan' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Trifsan' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Eflurin' (Efthymiadis); 'Herbiflurin' (Vapco); 'Ipersan' (Q.E.A.C.A.); 'Olitref' (Budapest Chemical); 'Premerlin' (Milenia); 'Sinfluran' (Westrade); 'Tri-4' (BASF); 'Trifluran' (Cequisa); 'Triflurex' (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Trigard' (FCC); 'Trilin' (Griffin); 'Triplen' (Sipcam); 'Zeltoxone' (Syngenta Spain); mixtures: 'Team' (+ benfluralin) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Commence' (+ clomazone) (FMC); 'Cotolina' (+ fluometuron) (Aragro)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Fluran' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Heritage' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Legacy' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Orifan' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Treflox' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Trifluralina' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Triflusan' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Agrisolutions' (Agriliance); 'Ashlade Trimaran' (Nufarm UK); 'Brassix' (Sipcam Phyteurop); 'Fluralin' (Papaeconomou); 'Flutrix' (Industria Prodotti); 'Lance' (Milenia); 'Tandril 48' (DAPT); 'Tarene' (BASF); 'Trefanocide' (Shionogi, Bayer CropScience); 'Trefron' (Agrochem); 'Tremolin GR' (Shionogi, Bayer CropScience); 'Triap' (Independent Agribusiness); 'Trif' (Chemia); 'Trific' (Agriliance); 'Triflur' (Nufarm UK); 'Trigermin' (Chemiplant); 'Trinetra' (Parry); 'Trinoxol' (Nufarm SA); 'Tritac' (Milenia); 'Triverdex' (Atanor); 'Trust' (Agriliance) mixtures: 'Axit GR' (+ isoxaben) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Centaure' (+ clomazone+ linuron) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Chandor' (+ linuron) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Comboral' (+ pendimethalin) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Crescendo' (+ isoxaben+ linuron) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Elset Mix' (+ isoxaben+ linuron) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Elset' (+ isoxaben) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Gadisan' (+ linuron) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Galace' (+ diflufenican) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Premiere' (+ isoxaben) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Rokenyl' (+ isoxaben) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Sciandor' (+ linuron) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Snapshot 2.5TG' (+ isoxaben) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Trinulan' (+ linuron) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Yield' (+ oryzalin) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Ardent' (+ diflufenican) (Bayer CropScience); 'Autumn Kite' (+ isoproturon) (Griffin); 'Blois' (+ linuron) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Buckle' (+ tri-allate) (Monsanto); 'Cottonex Com' (+ fluometuron) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Cowark' (+ prometryn) (Shionogi, Bayer CropScience); 'Freedom' (+ alachlor) (Monsanto); 'Hawk' (+ clodinafop-propargyl) (Syngenta); 'Linnet' (+ linuron) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Saherb' (+ desmedipham+ ethofumesate+ phenmedipham) (Azot); 'Salute' (+ metribuzin) (Bayer CropScience); 'Terbalin' (+ terbutryn) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Tri-Scept' (+ imazaquin-ammonium) (BASF) Discontinued products: 'Elancolan' * (Dow); 'Digermin' * (Isagro); 'Tristar' * (PBI) mixtures: 'Mudekan' * (+ linuron) (Dow); 'Alpha Terbalin' * (+ terbutryn) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Ashlade Summit' * (+ terbutryn) (Ashlade); 'Autumn Kite' * (+ isoproturon) (AgrEvo); 'Neminfest' * (+ linuron) (Isagro); 'Passport' * (+ imazethapyr) (BASF); 'Trifluron' * (+ linuron) (United Phosphorus)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by glc with FID (CIPAC Handbook, 1998, H, 292; AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 973.14) or by u.v. spectrometry (ibid., 973.13; CIPAC Handbook, loc. cit.). Residues determined by glc with ECD (J. B. Tepe & R. E. Scroggs, Anal. Methods Pestic., Plant Growth Regul. Food Addit., 1967, 5, 527; Anal. Methods Pestic. Plant Growth Regul., 1972, 6, 703). In drinking water by glc with ECD (AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 990.06). Details from Dow AgroSciences.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
IARC ref. 53 class 3 Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats >5000 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 >5000 mg/kg (rabbits). Non-irritating to skin; slightly irritating to eyes (rabbits). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >4.8 mg/l. NOEL In 2 y feeding trials in rats, the only effect at the low dose of 813 mg/kg in diet was the formation of renal calculi. This has been shown to be reversible in a 90 d study in dogs, and a NOEL established at 2.4 mg/kg daily. NOEL in mice was 73 mg/kg daily. ADI 0.024 mg/kg. Water GV 20 mg/l (TDI 7.5 mg/kg b.w.). Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) U; EPA (formulation) III, IV EC classification Material containing <0.5 ppm N-nitrosodipropylamine is Xi; R36| R43| N; R50, R53

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail >2000 mg/kg. Dietary LC50 (5 d) for bobwhite quail and mallard ducks >5000 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for young rainbow trout 0.088, young bluegill sunfish 0.089 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) 0.245 mg/l; NOEC (21 d) 0.051 mg/l. Algae EC50 (7 d) for Selenastrum capricornutum 12.2 mg/l; NOEC 5.37 mg/l. Other aquatic spp. LD50 (96 h) for grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.) 0.64 mg/l. Bees LD50 (oral and contact) >100 mg/bee. Worms LC50 (14 d) >1000 mg/kg dry soil; NOEC (reduced bodyweight) <171 mg/kg.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals Degradation in animals is as for soil (J. L. Emmerson & R. C. Anderson, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1966, 9, 84-97). Following oral administration, c. 70% is eliminated in the urine and 15% in the faeces within 72 h. Plants Degradation in plants is as for soil. Soil/Environment Adsorbed by the soil, and is extremely resistant to leaching. Little lateral movement in the soil. Metabolism involves dealkylation of the amino group, reduction of the nitro group to an amino group, partial oxidation of the trifluoromethyl group to a carboxy group, and subsequent degradation to smaller fragments (T. Golab et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 1979, 27, 163); DT50 57-126 d. Duration of residual activity in soil is 6-8 mo. In laboratory studies, degradation was more rapid under anaerobic conditions, e.g. for loam soil, DT50 (anaerobic) 25-59 d, DT50 (aerobic) 116-201 d. Soil photolysis DT50 41 d; aqueous photolysis DT50 0.8 h. Koc 4400-40 000; Kd ranges from 3.75 (0.01% o.m., pH 6.6) to 639 (16.9% o.m., pH 6.8) (H. J. Pedersen et al., Pestic. Sci., 44, 131 (1995)).