Thiram 福美双

福美双

福美双，英文通用名为Thiram，其他名称有秋兰姆、赛欧散、阿锐生。属低毒杀菌剂，对皮肤和粘膜有刺激作用。可以治疗疫病等菌类感染疾病。

分子式 C6H12N2S4
CAS号:137-26-8[1]
分子量 240.44
密度：1.29；1.39～1.40（20/4℃） 福美双的结构式

熔点：146～148℃
闪点：高于300℃
毒性，原粉大鼠急性经口LD50为780-865毫克/公斤，小鼠急性经口LD50为1500-2000毫克/公斤，对皮肤和粘膜有刺激作用。对鱼类有毒，对蜜蜂无毒。
剂型 50%、75%、80%可湿性粉剂
特点 保护性杀菌剂。原粉大鼠急性经口LD50为780-865毫克/公斤，小鼠急性经口LD50为1500-2000毫克/公斤。对鱼类有毒，对蜜蜂无毒。
适用范围 对多种作物霜霉病、疫病、炭疽病、禾谷类黑穗病、苗期黄枯病有较好的防治。
性能 一种广谱保护性的福美系杀菌剂。对鱼有毒。对人皮肤和粘膜有刺激性。高剂量对田间老鼠有一定驱避作用。

应用
用作种子处理，土壤处理或喷雾。按剂量0.125%(有效成分)拌种,防治甘蓝、莴苣、瓜类、茄子、蚕豆等苗期立枯病、猝倒病；按0.15~0.25%剂量（有效成分）拌种，防治稻苗立枯病、禾谷类黑腥病、松苗立枯病；0.4%剂量（有效成分）拌种，防治豌豆等立枯病。按每公顷用有效成分3750~5625克处理土壤（沟施或穴施），防治蔬菜、烟草、甜菜苗期病害。50%福美双可湿性粉剂对水500~800倍液喷雾，防治草莓等灰霉病，梨黑星病，马铃薯番茄晚疫病，瓜、菜类霜霉病、葡萄炭疽病、白腐病等。商品已有多种复配制剂生产，如与萎锈灵复配，与硫菌灵复配，三福美（40%福美双、20%福美锌、20%福美甲胂），（1.2%福美双、0.6%福美甲胺、0.6%福美锌）等。复配剂拌种双在中国已经商品化，是一种良好的代替汞制剂的拌种剂。40%拌种双可湿性粉剂含20%福美双和20%拌种类。其中的拌种灵为内吸性杀菌剂。其性状：纯品为白色粉状，熔点222~224℃，分解温度为270~285℃。不溶于水，在一般有机溶剂中溶解度小，易溶于二甲基甲酰胺。与酸生成盐，对碱较稳定。急性经口LD50：雄大鼠820毫克/千克，雌大鼠817.9毫克/千克，雄小鼠392毫克/千克，雌小鼠564毫克/千在。大鼠急性经皮LD50》3200毫克/千克。无明显蓄积作用。对大小鼠试验也未见致畸作用。两种药复配后，不仅毒性降低，而且防治病害的效果好于单一使用拌种灵或福美双，对作物的安全性比拌种灵高。40%科种双可湿性粉剂急性经口 LD50，雄大鼠3830毫克/千克，雌鼠3160毫克/千克，每100千克种子用拌种双有效成分40~80克拌种防治小麦黑穗病；用有效成分120~200克拌种，防治高粱黑穗病；用有效成分200克拌种，防治棉花苗期病害用2500毫克/升药液拌种，防治红麻炭疽病。

使用方法
1、棉花苗期病害的防治 50%可湿性粉剂300克拌棉籽100公斤，加适量水充分摇匀并立即播种。
2、烟草和甜菜根根腐病、番茄、甘蓝黑肿病、瓜类猝倒病、黄枯病的防治 用50%可湿性粉剂100克，处理土壤500公斤，做温室苗床处理。
3、苹果黑点病、梨黑腥病的防治 用50%可湿性粉剂500克，兑水250-400公斤，均匀喷雾。
4、水稻稻瘟病、胡麻叶斑病、立枯病的防治 每100公斤种子用50%可湿性粉剂0.5公斤拌种。
5、麦类黑穗病、玉米、高粱黑穗病的防治 每100公斤种子用50%可湿性粉剂0.5公斤拌种。

注意事项
不能与铜、汞及碱性农药混用或前后紧连使用。
拌过药的种子有残毒，不能再食用。 对皮肤和粘膜有刺激作用，喷药时注意防护。
误服会出现恶心、呕吐、腹泻等症状，皮肤接触易发生搔庠及出现斑疹等，应催吐，洗胃及对症治疗。 贮存在阴凉干燥处，以免分解。
亚洲最大的生产厂家：河北冠龙农化有限公司。

thiram
Fungicide
FRAC M3; multi-site: dimethyldithiocarbamate

NOMENCLATURE
Common name thiram (BSI, E-ISO); thirame ((m) F-ISO); TMTD (USSR); thiuram (JMAF)
IUPAC name tetramethylthiuram disulfide; bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide
Chemical Abstracts name tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide
CAS RN [137-26-8] EEC no. 205-286-2 Official codes ENT 987

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 240.4 M.f. C6H12N2S4 Form Colourless crystals. M.p. 155-156 ºC V.p. 2.3 mPa (25 ºC) KOW logP = 1.73 Henry 3.3 ´ 10-2 Pa m3 mol-1 S.g./density 1.29 (20 ºC) Solubility In water 18 mg/l (room temperature). In ethanol <10, acetone 80, chloroform 230 (all in g/l, room temperature). In hexane 0.04, dichloromethane 170, toluene 18, isopropanol 0.7 (all in g/l, 20 ºC). Stability Decomposed in acidic media. Some deterioration on prolonged exposure to heat, air or moisture. DT50 (est.) (22 ºC) 128 d (pH 4), 18 d (pH 7), 9 h (pH 9).

COMMERCIALISATION
History Fungicidal properties described by W. H. Tisdale & A. L. Flenner (Ind. Eng. Chem., 1942, 34, 501). Introduced by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. (who no longer manufacture or market it), by Bayer AG (who no longer manufacture it), UCB Chemicals, and later by other companies. Patents US 1972961 to Du Pont; DE 642532 to I. G. Farbenindustrie Manufacturers Crompton; General Quimica; India Pesticides; Sharda; UCB

APPLICATIONS
Mode of action Basic contact fungicide with protective action. Uses Protective fungicide applied to foliage to control: Botrytis spp. on grapes, soft fruit, lettuce, vegetables and ornamentals; rust on ornamentals; scab and storage diseases on apples and pears; leaf curl and Monilia on stone fruit. Used in seed treatments alone or in combination with added insecticides or fungicides to control damping-off diseases (e.g. Pythium spp.), and other diseases like Fusarium spp. of maize, cotton, cereals, legumes, vegetables and ornamentals. Also used as a bird repellent. Formulation types DP; FS; SC; WG; WP; WS; Liquid seed treatment. Selected products: 'Ceku TMTD' (Cequisa); 'Pomarsol' (Bayer CropScience); 'Thiram Granuflo' (UCB); 'Thiram' (Crompton); 'Thiratox' (Efthymiadis); 'Thyram Plus' (Agrichem Int.); 'Tiurante' (General Quimica); mixtures: 'Anchor' (+ carboxin) (Crompton); 'Gaucho M' (+ imidacloprid+ pencycuron) (Bayer CropScience); 'Gaucho T' (+ imidacloprid) (West Africa) (Bayer CropScience); 'Toram' (+ thiophanate-methyl) (Efthymiadis); 'Vitavax 200FF' (+ carboxin) (Crompton); 'Zaprawa Funaben T' (+ carbendazim) (Azot)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'AApirol' (Bayer CropScience); 'Aatiram' (Bayer CropScience); 'Basultra' (BASF); 'Buck Back' (UCB); 'Defiant' (UCB); 'Evershield T' (Gustafson); 'Kodiak T' (Gustafson); 'Moly-T' (Gustafson); 'Protector D' (Trace); 'Rhodiason' (Bayer CropScience); 'Rhodiauram' (Bayer CropScience); 'Sadoplon' (Azot); 'Thianosan' (UCB); 'Thiraflo' (Crompton); 'Thiraphox' (Papaeconomou); 'Triple-Noctin' (Gustafson); 'Zaprawa Nasienna T' (Azot) mixtures: 'Apron Elite' (+ carbendazim+ cymoxanil+ oxadixyl) (Syngenta); 'Benlate T' (+ benomyl) (Hokko); 'Favour' (+ metalaxyl) (Syngenta); 'Fortiva' (+ metalaxyl+ thiabendazole) (seed) (Limagrain); 'Healthied T' (+ pefurazoate) (SDS Biotech KK); 'Homai' (+ thiophanate-methyl) (Nippon Soda); 'Hy-TL' (+ thiabendazole) (Agrichem Int.); 'Monceren T' (+ pencycuron) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil Extra' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Poland) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil Flow' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Chile) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil Gel 206' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Poland) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil Plus' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Uruguay) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil T' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, E Europe) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil TM Liquido' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, Italy) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil Vital' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, E Europe) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, E Europe) (Bayer CropScience); 'Raxil-Thiram' (+ tebuconazole) (seed treatment, USA) (Gustafson); 'sHYlin' (+ thiabendazole) (Agrichem Int.); 'Stiletto' (+ carboxin+ metalaxyl) (Trace); 'Super Homai' (+ diazinon+ thiophanate-methyl) (Nippon Soda); 'Teevic' (+ pencycuron) (Bayer CropScience); 'Viram Plus' (+ carbendazim) (Vipesco); 'Vitavax CT' (+ carboxin) (Helena); 'Vitavax M' (+ carboxin) (Helena); 'Wakil' (+ carbendazim+ cymoxanil+ oxadixyl) (Syngenta); 'Zaprawa Oxafun T' (+ carboxin) (Azot) Discontinued products: 'Arasan' * (DuPont); 'Tersan' * (DuPont); 'Liro Granuflo' * (Ciba-Geigy); 'Polyram Ultra' * (BASF); 'Tripomol' * (Elf Atochem) mixtures: 'Ceredon T' * (+ benquinox) (Bayer); 'Tuzet' * (+ urbacid+ ziram) (Bayer); 'Apron Combi' * (+ metalaxyl+ thiabendazole) (seed) (Novartis); 'Ascot' * (+ thiabendazole) (Ciba); 'Combinex' * (+ permethrin) (Fargro); 'Hy-Vic' * (+ thiabendazole) (Agrichem Int.); 'Lindex Plus' * (+ fenpropimorph+ gamma-HCH) (DowElanco, Solvay Duphar); 'Oftanol T' * (+ isofenphos) (Bayer CropScience); 'Vitavax RS' * (+ carboxin+ gamma-HCH) (Uniroyal); 'Vitavax-R' * (+ carboxin) (Uniroyal)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by hplc (CIPAC Handbook, 1988, D, 169) or by hydrolysis to dimethylamine, estimated by titration (ibid., 1970, 1, 672; 1980, 1A, 1360; AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 966.08). Residues determined by conversion to carbon disulfide, estimated by glc or colorimetry of a derivative (ibid., 972.29; Analyst (London), 1981, 106, 782); see also L. Roland et. al., in Med. Fac. Landbouw. Univ. Gent, 1992, 57, 1255-1260. Details available from UCB Chemicals.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Reviews FAO/WHO 65, 67 (see part 2 of the Bibliography). IARC ref. 53 class 3 Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 2600, mice 1500-2000, rabbits 210 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits >2000 mg/kg. Moderate eye irritant; slight skin irritant. In percutaneous toxicity test in humans, application of the dry powder to the skin produced very slight erythema in 9% of cases. Skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats 4.42 mg/l air. NOEL (2 y) for rats 1.5 mg/kg b.w. daily; (1 y) for dogs 0.75 mg/kg b.w. daily. ADI (JMPR) 0.01 mg/kg b.w. [1992]. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III; EPA (formulation) III EC classification R68| Xn; R20/22| Xi; R36/37| R43

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for male ring-necked pheasants 673, mallard ducks >2800, starlings >100, redwing blackbirds >100 mg/kg. LC50 (8 d) for ring-necked pheasants >5000, mallard ducks >5000, bobwhite quail >3950, Japanese quail >5000 ppm. Fish LC50 (96 h) for bluegill sunfish 0.0445, rainbow trout 0.128 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) 0.21 mg/l. Algae EC50 (72 h) 0.065 mg/l. Bees LD50 (oral) >2000 mg/bee (80% formulation); (contact) 73.7 mg/bee (75% formulation). Worms LC50 (14 d) 540 mg/kg soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
EHC 78 (WHO, 1988). Animals Rapid and extensive metabolism. Degradation products are excreted or integrated into natural constituents. Plants Foliar application results mainly in unchanged thiram. Some conjugation to the glucoside is observed, followed by further degradation and incorporation. Application as a seed treatment results in extensive metabolism with residues incorporated into natural plant constituents. Soil/Environment DT50 0.5 d (sandy soil, pH 6.7).