Pyridaben 哒螨灵 哒螨酮

哒螨灵

哒螨灵哒螨灵为广谱、触杀性杀螨剂，可用于防治多种食植物性害螨。对螨的整个生 长期即卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨都有很好的效果，对移动期的成螨同样有明显 的速杀作用。该药不受温度变化的影响，无论早春或秋季使用，均可达到满 意效果。

【中文名称】速螨灵；哒螨酮；牵牛星；2-叔丁基-5-（4-叔丁基苄硫基）-4-氯哒嗪-3-（2H）酮
【英文名称】pyridaben;Sanmite;NC-129;NCI-129
【结构或分子式】C19H25ClN2OS
【相对分子量或原子量】364.9
【密度】1.2(20℃)
【熔点（℃）】111～112
【蒸气压（Pa）】0.25mPa(20℃)
【毒性LD50(mg/kg)】
雄大白鼠急性经口1350，雌大白鼠820，雄小白鼠424，雌小白鼠383。大白鼠和兔急性经皮大于2000。对兔眼睛和皮肤无刺激作用，对豚鼠皮肤无过敏性。在染色体畸变试验（中国仓鼠）何微核试验（小鼠）中无诱变性。鹌鹑急性经口大于2250，野鸭急性经口大于2500。
【性状】
无色晶体。
【溶解情况】
(20℃):水0.012mg/L，丙酮460g/L，苯110g/L，环己烷320g/L，乙醇57g/L，正辛醇63g/L，己烷10g/L，二甲苯390g/L。

用途
高效、广谱杀螨剂，无内吸性，对叶螨、全爪螨、小爪螨合瘿螨等食植性害螨均具有明显防治效果，而且对卵、若螨、成螨均有效，对成螨的移动期亦有效。适用于柑桔、苹果、梨、山楂、棉花、烟草、蔬菜（茄子除外）及观赏植物。如用于防治柑桔和苹果红蜘蛛、梨和山楂等锈壁虱时，在害螨发生期均可施用（为提高防治效果最好在平均每叶2～3头时使用），将20%可湿性粉剂或15%乳油对水稀释至50～70mg/L(2300～3000倍）喷雾。安全间隔期为15天，即在收获前15天停止用药。
本化合物对跳甲具有很好的击倒作用，亩用量达到3g可以在10分钟内杀死跳甲。

制备或来源
将特丁基肼、糠氯酸加入反应釜中，加入溶剂后在0～35℃反应2小时，再加入醋酸反应4小时，加水反应后静置分层，分出下层废水，再加5%氢氧化钠水溶液搅拌、洗涤，分出废水后再水洗1次，有机层脱除溶剂后即得棕色结晶，此为哒嗪酮。将哒嗪酮及溶剂加入反应釜中，在0～35℃下加入硫氢化钠水溶液，搅拌反应3小时，再加入对叔丁基氯苄，搅拌反应4小时，静置分出水层后，再用水洗涤1次，有机层蒸出溶剂，用石油醚重结晶，得白色或淡黄色结晶，即哒螨灵原药。
【消耗定额（t/t）】
特丁基肼（40%） 1.17 对叔丁基氯苄（90℃以上） 0.80
糠氯酸（95%以上） 0.94 醋酸（99%以上） 0.35
硫氢化钠（70%） 0.51 液碱（30%） 1.0

其他
稳定性：在50℃稳定90d；在pH4、7、9，在有机溶剂中稳定；对光不稳定，但是乳油在正常贮存条件下可稳定大于2年。
与其他药剂混用时要先做小区试验，使用剂量要适当，若伤及皮肤，应立即脱去衣服，用肥皂水冲洗；若伤及眼睛，用清水冲洗；若吸入中毒，应送至新鲜空气处，松开衣扣，使其呼吸顺畅，必要时送往医院。
包装及贮运
20%可湿性粉剂用铝箔塑料袋装，每袋净重100g；15%乳油用聚酯瓶装，每瓶净重250ml；密封贮存在原装容器内，放在阴凉、干燥、通风处，不可与食物、饲料混放。

pyridaben
Insecticide, acaricide
IRAC 21; METI

NOMENCLATURE
Common name pyridaben (BSI, draft E-ISO)
IUPAC name 2-tert-butyl-5-(4-tert-butylbenzylthio)-4-chloropyridazin-3(2H)-one
Chemical Abstracts name 4-chloro-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-5-[[[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]methyl]thio]-3(2H)-pyridazinone
CAS RN [96489-71-3] EEC no. 405-700-3 Development codes NC-129; NCI-129 (both Nissan); BAS-300I (BASF)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 364.9 M.f. C19H25ClN2OS Form Colourless crystals. M.p. 111-112 ºC V.p. <0.01 mPa (25 °C) KOW logP = 6.37 (23? ºC, distilled water) S.g./density 1.2 (20 ºC) Solubility In water 0.012 mg/l (24 ºC). In acetone 460, ethanol 57, hexane 10, benzene 110, xylene 390, cyclohexane 320, n-octanol 63 (all in g/l, 20 ºC). Stability Stable at 50 ºC for 90 d; unstable to light. Stable to hydrolysis for 30 d in the dark (pH 5, 7 and 9, 25 °C).

COMMERCIALISATION
History Insecticide and acaricide reported by K. Hirata et al. (Proc. 1988 Br. Crop Prot. Conf - Pests Dis., 1, 41). Discovered and introduced by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd and first marketed in Belgium in 1990. Patents US 4877787 Manufacturers Nissan; Sannong; Sundat

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport at complex I Mode of action Non-systemic insecticide and acaricide. Rapid knockdown and long residual activity. Active against all developing stages, especially against the larval and nymph stages. Uses Control of Acari, Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, Cicadellidae and Thysanoptera on field crops, fruit trees, ornamentals and vegetables, at 5-20 g/hl or 100-300 kg/ha. Formulation types EC; SC; WP. Selected products: 'Sanmite' (Nissan); 'Dinomite' (Vapco)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Nexter' (Nissan); 'Poseidon' (Nissan, Philagro); 'Pyramite' (Nissan, BASF); 'Samite' (Sanonda)

ANALYSIS
See CIPAC Handbook, 2000, J, 94.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for male rats 1350, female rats 820, male mice 424, female mice 383 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats and rabbits >2000 mg/kg. Non-irritant to eyes and skin (rabbits). Non-sensitising to skin (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 for male rats 0.66, female rats 0.62 mg/l air. NOEL (78 w) for mice 0.81 mg/kg daily; (52 w) for dogs 0.5 mg/kg daily. Other Non-mutagenic in Ames, DNA repair, in vitro chromosomal (Chinese hamster), and mouse micronucleus tests; non-teratogenic in rats and rabbits. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III; EPA (formulation) I (75 WP) EC classification T; R23/25| N; R50, R53

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail >2250, mallard ducks >2500 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout 1.1-3.1, bluegill sunfish 1.8-3.3 mg/l; (48 h) for carp 8.3 mg/l. Daphnia EC50 (48 h) 0.59 mg/l (nominal concentration). Algae Does not significantly affect the average specific growth rate of Selenastrum capricornutum. Bees LD50 (oral) 0.55 mg/bee. Worms LC50 (14 d) 38 mg/kg soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals In the rat, goat and hen, an orally administered dose is excreted mainly in the faeces. Metabolism is complex, with at least 30 degradates. Plants After application to citrus and apple, pyridaben degrades gradually photochemically and is not translocated into the pulp. Soil/Environment Readily degrades microbiologically in aerobic soils, DT50 <21 d; further degrades to polar products (including soil-bound residues) and CO2. In natural water, DT50 10 d (25 °C, in dark). DT50 for aqueous photolysis c. 30 min (pH 7). See also Stability.