Prochloraz 咪鲜胺

咪鲜胺

咪鲜胺是一种广谱杀菌剂，对多种作物由子囊菌和半知菌引起的病害具有明显的防效，也可以与大多数杀菌剂、杀菌剂、杀虫剂、除草剂混用，均有较好的防治效果。对大田作物、水果蔬菜、草皮及观赏植物上的多种病害具有治疗和铲除作用。

基本信息
中英文通用名：PROCHLORAZ（咪鲜胺）
CAS编号：67747-09-5
有效成分：每千克悬浮剂中含PROCHLORAZ500毫克
咪鲜胺原药介绍：
化学名称：N-丙基-N-[2-(2,4,6-三氯苯氧基)乙基]-咪唑-1-甲酰胺
分子式：C15H16Cl3N3O2
分子量：376.7
结构式：
生物活性：杀菌剂
熔点：46.5-49.3℃蒸汽压：(20℃)0.48mpa
溶解度(25℃)：水55g/L,二氯甲烷、甲苯中>600g/L。
稳定性：在日光下降解，在正常贮存条件下稳定，在强酸、强碱条件下稳定。
动物毒性：大白鼠急性经口LD50>1600mg/kg。属低毒级。

理化性质及剂型
原药为浅棕色固体，有芳香味，难溶于水，易溶于丙酮、乙醇、二甲苯等溶剂。常见制剂有25%施保克乳油，绿怡乳油，20%硅唑·咪鲜胺（青岛浩瀚高科），25%咪鲜胺乳油等。

性能特点
本品为高效、广谱、低毒型杀菌剂，具有预防保护治疗等多重作用，内含咪鲜胺为咪唑类广谱杀菌剂。通过抑制甾醇的生物合成而起作用，无内吸作用，对于子囊菌和半知菌引起的多种病害防效极佳。采用基因诱导技术，激活植物抗病基因表达，速效性好，持效 期长，无内吸作用。

防治对象
常规使用防治瓜果蔬菜炭疽病、叶斑病。还可防治水稻恶苗病、稻瘟病等。柑橘炭疽病、蒂腐病、青霉病、绿霉病，香蕉炭疽病、叶斑病，芒果炭疽病，花生叶斑病，辣椒、茄子、甜瓜、番茄等蔬菜炭疽病，草莓炭疽病，水稻恶苗病、稻瘟病，油菜菌核病、叶斑病，蘑菇褐斑病，苹果炭疽病，梨黑星病等。

使用说明
将本品稀释1500倍叶面喷雾，使植物充分着药又不滴液为宜，间隔10-15天，连喷三次可获最佳防效。
对大田作物、水果、蔬菜、草皮及观赏植物上的多种病害具有治疗和铲除作用。
用于谷类作物（乳油，400～600g(a.i.)/ha）可防治假尾孢属、核腔菌属、喙孢属及壳针孢属真菌，对早期的眼点病、叶斑病和白粉病有效；
用于有籽葡萄（500g/ha）可防治链格孢属、葡萄孢属、假尾孢属、埋核盘菌属、核盘菌属真菌；
防治豆科植物上的壳二孢属、葡萄孢属，甜菜上的生尾孢属和白粉菌属；
种子处理（0.2～0.5g/kg)对于禾谷类作物上旋孢腔菌属、镰孢属、核腔菌属、壳针孢属引起的病有防治作用；
对于水果、蔬莱在收获前喷施的一般剂量为20～50g/100L，收获后用250～1000mg/L的药液喷洒于稻株可有效地防治严重感染的水稻稻瘟病。
如果咪鲜安与二价锰形成络合物时，既能保持药剂的原有活性，又能增加药剂对作物的安全性。
咪鲜胺与氟硅唑按照一定科学必烈混用如20%的硅唑·咪鲜胺（青岛浩瀚高科）用于防治多种果树、蔬菜等作物的黑星病、白粉病、叶斑病、锈病、炭疽病、黑斑病、黑痘病、蔓枯病、 斑枯病、赤星病等多种病害。
咪鲜胺与多菌灵混用（10十2.66mg/L）有显著的增效作用，可免除人工接种的小麦颖斑枯病的发生，而这两种药剂单施则无效。
另外该混剂对防洽禾谷类作物眼点病和白粉病也有增效作用。

注意事项
1.本品为环保型水悬浮剂，无公害产品，使用前应先摇匀再稀释，即配即用。
2.可与多种农药混用，但不宜与强酸、强碱性农药混用。
3.施药时不可污染鱼塘、河道、水沟。
4.药物置于阴凉干燥避光处保存。

prochloraz
Fungicide
FRAC 3, G1; DMI: imidazole

NOMENCLATURE
Common name prochloraz (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO, ANSI)
IUPAC name N-propyl-N-[2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl]imidazole-1-carboxamide; 1-{N-propyl-N-[2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl]}carbamoylimidazole
Chemical Abstracts name N-propyl-N-[2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide
CAS RN [67747-09-5] EEC no. 266-994-5 Development codes BTS 40 542 (Boots)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Tech. grade is c. 97% pure. Mol. wt. 376.7 M.f. C15H16Cl3N3O2 Form Odourless, colourless crystals; (tech. is a mildly aromatic, golden brown liquid, that tends to solidify on cooling). M.p. 46.5-49.3 ºC (>99% pure) B.p. 208-210 ºC/0.2 mmHg (decomp.) V.p. 1.5 ´ 10-1 mPa (25 ºC); 9.0 ´ 10-2 mPa (20 ºC) KOW logP = 4.12 (unionised) Henry 1.64 ´ 10-3 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.42 (20 ºC) Solubility In water 34.4 mg/l (25 ºC). Readily soluble in a wide range of organic solvents, e.g. chloroform, diethyl ether, toluene, xylene 2.5, acetone 3.5, hexane c. 7.5 ´ 10-3 (all in kg/l, 25 ºC). Stability No degradation after 30 d (pH 5-7, 22 °C). Decomposes in concentrated acids and alkalis, in the presence of sunlight, and on prolonged heating at high temperatures (200 ºC). pKa 3.8, weak base F.p. 160 °C (closed cup)

COMMERCIALISATION
History Fungicide reported by R. J. Birchmore et al. (Proc. Br. Crop. Prot. Conf. - Pests Dis., 1977, 2, 593). Introduced by The Boots Co., Ltd (now Bayer CropScience). Some rights, primarily in Europe, acquired by BASF AG in 2003. Patents GB 1469772; US 3991071; US 4080462 Manufacturers Griffin; Sundat

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Steroid demethylation (ergosterol biosynthesis) inhibitor. Mode of action Fungicide with protective and eradicant action. Uses A protectant and eradicant fungicide effective against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf, and vegetables. An EC is recommended for use in cereals (400-600 g a.i./ha) against Pseudocercosporella, Pyrenophora, Rhynchosporium, and Septoria spp., with useful activity against Erysiphe spp.; in oilseed rape (500 g/ha) against Alternaria, Botrytis, Pyrenopeziza and Sclerotinia spp. Useful activity is also shown against Ascochyta and Botrytis spp. in field legumes; and Cercospora and Erysiphe spp. in beet. Good activity against storage or transit diseases of citrus and tropical fruit when applied as a dip treatment (0.5-0.7 g/l). A WP is recommended in mushrooms against Verticillium fungicola and Mycogone perniciosa, and in rice against Pyricularia. A seed treatment (0.2-0.5 g/kg) will control several cereal diseases caused by Cochliobolus, Fusarium, Pyrenophora and Septoria spp., and, in flax, Alternaria. Formulation types EC; EW; FS; LS; WP. Compatibility Forms a complex with some metal ions, e.g. prochloraz-manganese used for WP formulations. Selected products: 'Eyetak 40' (Barclay); 'Master' (Vapco); 'Mirage' (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Sportak' (Bayer CropScience, BASF); mixtures: 'Galmano Plus' (+ cuprous chloride + fluquinconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Jockey' (+ fluquinconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Sportak Alpha' (+ carbendazim) (Bayer CropScience, BASF)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Abavit' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Ascurit' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Octave' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Omega' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Orbit' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Poraz' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Prelude' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Rival' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Sporgon' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Sprint' (BASF, Bayer CropScience); 'Atak' (Barclay); 'Fungi' (Stefes); 'Panache 40' (DAPT) mixtures: 'Agate' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, UK) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Allure' (+ chlorothalonil) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Balaika' (+ tebuconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Bonanza' (+ tetraconazole) (Sipcam Phyteurop); 'Bumper P' (+ propiconazole) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Diams' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, France) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Épopée' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, France) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Flamenco Plus' (+ fluquinconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Fongral' (+ bromuconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Jockey Plus' (+ cuprous chloride + fluquinconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Kinto' (+ triticonazole+ anthraquinone) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Mirage Extra' (+ fenbuconazole) (PBI, Makhteshim-Agan); 'Mirage F' (+ folpet) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Mirage Plus' (+ folpet) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Nébraska' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, France) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Nordika' (+ fenbuconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Novak' (+ carbendazim) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Profile' (+ cyproconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Sponsor' (+ fenpropidin) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Sportak Delta' (+ cyproconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Sprint HF' (+ fenpropimorph) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Stanza' (+ fenpropimorph) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Tiptor S' (+ cyproconazole) (Syngenta) Discontinued products: 'Sportak Sierra' * (AgrEvo); 'Alpha Mirage 40' * (Makhteshim-Agan) mixtures: 'Rizolex Nova' * (+ tolclofos-methyl) (AgrEvo); 'Hobby' * (+ carbendazim) (Ciba); 'Mirage Super' * (+ fenpropimorph) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Sopraphal' * (+ diclobutrazol) (Syngenta)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by hplc and glc. Residue analysis by glc. Details available from Bayer CropScience and BASF AG.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Reviews FAO/WHO 40, 41, 92, 94 (see part 2 of the Bibliography). Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 1600-2400, mice 2400 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >2100, rabbits >3000 mg/kg. Not irritating to skin; slight eye irritation (rabbits). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >2.16 mg/l air. NOEL (2 y) for dogs 30 mg/kg diet (0.92 mg/kg daily). ADI (JMPR) 0.01 mg/kg b.w. [1983, 2001]. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III EC classification Xn; R22| N; R50, R53

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail 662, mallard ducks >1954 mg/kg. Dietary LC50 (5 d) for bobwhite quail and mallard ducks >5200 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout 1.5, bluegill sunfish 2.2 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) 4.3 mg/l. Algae EbC50 (72 h) for Selenastrum capricornutum 0.1 mg/l; ErC50 1.54 mg/l. Other aquatic spp. EC50 (96 h) for Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)0.95, mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) 0.77 mg/l. Bees Low toxicity to bees. LD50 (topical) 50 mg/bee; (oral) 60 mg/bee. Worms LC50 for earthworms (Eisenia foetida) 207 mg/kg soil. Other beneficial spp. Low toxicity to a range of beneficial arthropods.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals In all species examined, prochloraz is rapidly metabolised initially by cleavage of the imidazole ring and quantitatively eliminated from the body, following oral administration. Whilst absorption following dermal exposure is low, residues in plasma and tissues are again rapidly eliminated from the body. Plants The primary plant metabolite, N-formyl-N'-1-propyl-N-(2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl)urea, is formed from cleavage of the imidazole ring. This is degraded to N-propyl-N-(2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl)urea, which occurs in both free and conjugated forms. Other metabolites include 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethanol, 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, traces of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and conjugates of the above. Little unchanged prochloraz is present. Soil/Environment Degrades in the soil to a range of mainly volatile metabolites (degradation is not pH-dependent). Prochloraz is well adsorbed onto soil particles, and is not readily leached; Kd 152 (sandy loam), 256 (silty clay loam). In a further study, mean Koc 1463. Possesses low toxicity to a wide range of soil microflora and microfauna, but has inhibitory effects on soil fungi. DT50 under field conditions is 5-37 d.