Nitenpyram 烯啶虫胺

烯啶虫胺

烯啶虫胺（nitenpyram）
中文通用名称 ：烯啶虫胺
英文通用名称 ：Nitenpyram
化学名称 ：(E)-N-(6-氯-3-吡啶甲基)-N-乙基-N′-甲基-2-硝基亚乙基二胺
CAS登录号 ：【150824-47-8】

性能特点
烟酰亚胺类，是日本继吡虫啉、啶虫咪之后开发的又一种新型产品。具有卓越的内吸性、渗透作用、杀虫谱广、安全无药害。是防治刺吸式口器害虫如白粉虱、蚜虫、梨木虱、叶蝉、蓟马的换代产品。

使用方法
蚜虫4000倍喷雾，水稻飞虱3000倍喷雾。

理化性制
纯品为浅黄色结晶体，熔点83-84℃，密度1.40(26℃)。蒸气压1.1×10-9Pa(25℃)。溶解度(g/L、20℃)：水(pH=7)840、氯仿700、丙酮290、二甲苯4.5.
毒性
大鼠急性经口LD50：雄1680mg/Kg，雌1575 mg/Kg；小鼠急性经口LD50：雄867mg/Kg，雌1281 mg/Kg；大鼠急性经皮LD50：雄、雌>2000mg/Kg；大鼠吸入LC50(4小时)：5.8g/L；本品对兔眼有轻微刺激，对兔皮肤无刺激。无致畸、致突变、致癌作用。
NOEL数据：大鼠(2年)雄129、雌53.7 mg/Kg b.w.天。狗(1年)60 mg/Kg b.w.天。
鹌鹑LD50：>2250mg/Kg，野鸭1124mg/Kg.鹌鹑和野鸭LC50：5620ppm。鲤鱼LC50(96小时)：>1000mg/L。

作用机理
主要作用于昆虫神经，与其它的新烟碱类化合物相似。

注意事项
【1】安全间隔期为7——14天，每个作物周期最多使用次数为4次。
【2】本品对蜜蜂、鱼类、水生物、家蚕有毒，用药时远离。
【3】本品不可与碱性物质混用。
【4】为延缓抗性，要与其它不同作用机制的药剂交替使用。

nitenpyram
Insecticide
IRAC 4A; neonicotinoid

NOMENCLATURE
Common name nitenpyram (BSI, pa E-ISO)
IUPAC name (E)-N-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-ethyl-N'-methyl-2-nitrovinylidenediamine
Chemical Abstracts name N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-ethyl-N'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine
CAS RN [120738-89-8]; [150824-47-8] (E)- isomer Development codes TI-304 (Takeda); CGA 246916 (Ciba-Geigy)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 270.7 M.f. C11H15ClN4O2 Form Pale yellow crystals. M.p. 82.0 °C V.p. 1.1 ´ 10-6 mPa (20 °C) KOW logP = -0.66 (25 °C, unstated pH) Henry 3.54 ´ 10-13 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.40 (26 °C) Solubility In water >590 g/l (pH 7.0, 20 °C). In dichloromethane and methanol >1000, chloroform 700, acetone 290, ethyl acetate 34.7, toluene 10.6, xylene 4.5, hexane 0.00470 (all in g/l, 20 °C). Stability Stable at 150 °C. Stable to hydrolysis at pH 3, 5 and 7; DT50 696 (pH 9, 25 °C). pKa pKa1 3.1, pKa2 11.5

COMMERCIALISATION
History Reported by Minamida et al. (J. Pestic. Sci., 18, 41 (1993)). Under evaluation for crop protection use since 1989; introduced by Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd (now Sumitomo Chemical Takeda Agro Company Ltd), and first launched in 1995. Also developed jointly with Novartis Animal Health Inc., for flea control. Manufacturers Sumitomo Chemical Takeda

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, affecting cholinergic transmissions in the insect central nervous system. Mode of action Systemic insecticide with translaminar activity and with contact and stomach action. Uses Control of aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, whitefly, and other sucking insects on rice and glasshouse crops. On rice, applied at 15-75 g/ha (foliar), 75-100 g/ha (dust) or 300-400 g/ha (soil treatment). Also for control of fleas on cats and dogs. Formulation types DP; GR; SP. Selected products: 'Bestguard' (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Capstar' (flea control) (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda, Novartis A H); 'Programa' (flea control, Japan) (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda, Novartis A H); 'Takestar' (flea control, Japan) (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda, Novartis A H)

ANALYSIS
Product and residue analysis by hplc. Details from Takeda.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for male rats 1680, female rats 1575, male mice 867, female mice 1281 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >2000 mg/kg. Very slightly irritating to eyes; not irritating to skin (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >5.8 g/m3 air. NOEL (2 y) for male rats 129, female rats 53.7 mg/kg b.w. daily; (1 y) for male and female dogs 60 mg/kg b.w. daily. Other Not oncogenic (rats, mice). Not teratogenic (rats, rabbits). No effect on reproductive performance (rats). Non-mutagenic (4 tests).

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail >2250, mallard ducks 1124 mg/kg. Dietary LC50 (5 d) for bobwhite quail and mallard ducks >5620 ppm. Fish LC50 (96 h) for carp >1000 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (24 h) >10 000 mg/l. Algae EbC50 (72 h) for Selenastrum capricornutum 26 mg/l. NOEC (120 h) 6.25 mg/l. Worms LC50 (14 d) 32.2 mg/kg.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Soil/Environment DT50 in soil 1-15 d, depending on soil type.