Molinate 禾草敌

禾草敌

英文通用名： molinate
其他名称： 禾大壮(Ordram)、草达灭、环草丹、杀克尔、Hydram，禾草特。

特点
具有内吸作用的稻田除草剂。能被杂草的根和芽吸收。特别易被芽鞘吸收。对稗草有特效。而且适用时期较宽。但杀草谱窄。
适用范围 适用于水稻田防除稗草、牛毛草、异型莎草等。

毒性
对人畜低毒。大鼠急性口服LD50为468-705毫克/公斤，大鼠、家兔急性经皮LD50分别＞1200和4600毫克/公斤。对皮肤和眼睛有刺激作用。慢性毒性试验未发现异常。鱼毒较小，对鸟、蜜蜂、天敌无害。　剂型 71%、91%、96%乳油，5%、10%颗粒剂。

使用方法
1.秧田和直播田使用 可在播种前施施，先整好田，做好秧板，然后用每亩96%乳油100-150毫升，对细润土10公斤，均匀撒施土表并立即混土耙平。保持浅水层，2-3天后即可播种已催芽露白的稻种。以后进行正常管理。亦可在稻苗长到3叶期以上，稗草在2-3叶叶期，每亩用96%乳油100-150毫升，混细潮土10公斤撒施。保持水层4-5cm，持续6-7天。如稗草为4-5叶期，应加大药量到150-200毫升。
2.插秧田使用 水稻插秧后4-5天，每亩用96%乳油125-150毫升。混细潮土10公斤，喷雾或撒施。保持水层4-6cm，持续6-7天。自然落干。以后正常管理。

注意事项
1.禾草特挥发性强，施药时和施药后保持水层7天，否则药效不能保证。
2.籼稻对禾草特敏感，剂量过高或用药不均匀，易产生药害。
3.禾草特对稗草特效，对其他阔叶杂草及多年生宿根杂草无效，如要兼除可与其他除草剂混用。

molinate
Herbicide
HRAC N WSSA 8; thiocarbamate

NOMENCLATURE
Common name molinate (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO, JMAF); no name (Germany)
IUPAC name S-ethyl azepane-1-carbothioate; S-ethyl perhydroazepin-1-carbothioate; S-ethyl perhydroazepine-1-thiocarboxylate
Chemical Abstracts name S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate
CAS RN [2212-67-1] EEC no. 218-661-0 Development codes R-4572 (Stauffer) Official codes OMS 1373

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Tech. material is 95% pure. Mol. wt. 187.3 M.f. C9H17NOS Form Clear liquid, with an aromatic odour; (tech. is an amber liquid). B.p. 202 °C/10 mmHg V.p. 746 mPa (25 ºC) KOW logP = 2.88 Henry 0.15 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.063 (20 ºC) Solubility In water 990 (pH 5), 900 (pH 9) (both mg/l, 25 ºC). Miscible with most common organic solvents, e.g. acetone, methanol, ethanol, kerosene, methyl isobutyl ketone, benzene, xylene. Stability Stable for at least 2 years at room temperature and at least 1 month at 120 ºC. Relatively stable to hydrolysis by acids and alkalis (pH 5-9) at 40 ºC. Unstable to light. F.p. >100 ºC

COMMERCIALISATION
History Introduced by Stauffer Chemical Co. (now Syngenta AG). Patents US 3198786; US 3573031 Manufacturers ÉMV; Herbex; Nufarm Ltd; Syngenta

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Inhibits lipid synthesis (not ACCase inhibition). Mode of action Selective systemic herbicide, rapidly absorbed by the roots, with translocation acropetally to the leaves. Inhibits germination. Uses Control of germinating broad-leaved and grass weeds, particularly Echinochloa spp., in rice, at 2-4 kg/ha. It is applied either before planting to water-seeded or shallow soil-seeded rice or post-flood, post-emergence in other types of rice culture. Phytotoxicity Non-phytotoxic to rice. Formulation types EC; GR. Selected products: 'Ordram' (Syngenta); 'Sakkimol' (ÉMV)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Agro-Dram' (AgroSan); 'Molydyn' (Papaeconomou) mixtures: 'Arrosolo' (+ propanil) (Syngenta); 'Arroznox' (+ propanil) (Crystal); 'Mamet SM' (+ simetryn+ MCPB) (MCPB as salt) (Yashima); 'Propanilate' (+ propanil) (Proficol) Discontinued products mixtures: 'Touche' * (+ propanil) (Syngenta)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by glc with FID (AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 974.05; CIPAC Handbook, 1983, 1B, 1866); see also method for butylate (ibid., 1983, 1B, 1744). Residues in crops and soil determined by glc or colorimetry after conversion to a suitable derivative. See also G. R. Patchett & G. H. Batchelder, Anal. Methods Pestic., Plant Growth Regul. Food Addit., 1967, 5, 469; G. R. Patchett et al., Anal. Methods Pestic. Plant Growth Regul., 1972, 6, 668. In drinking water, by glc with NPD (AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 991.07). Analytical methods available from Syngenta.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for male rats 369, female rats 450, mice 795 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits >4640 mg/kg. Moderate eye irritant; mild skin irritant (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats 1.36 mg/l. NOEL (90 d) for rats 8, dogs 20 mg/kg daily. Water GV 6 mg/l (TDI 2 mg/kg b.w.). Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) II; EPA (formulation) IV EC classification Xn; R22

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Dietary LC50 (5 d) for mallard ducklings 13 000 mg/kg diet; (11 d) for bobwhite quail >5000 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout 13.0, bluegill sunfish 29, goldfish 30 mg/l. At recommended rates, no detectable effects on fish in ditches draining water from treated rice fields in California. Worms LC50 (14 d) 289 mg/kg.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
EHC 76 (WHO, 1988; general review of thiocarbamates). Animals In rats, following oral administration, molinate is rapidly metabolised. Within 72 hours, c. 50% is eliminated as the metabolite CO2, 25% excreted in the urine, and 5-20% excreted in the faeces. Plants In plants, molinate is rapidly metabolised to CO2 and naturally-occurring plant constituents. Soil/Environment In soil, microbial breakdown involves hydrolysis to ethyl mercaptan, dialkylamine and CO2. In aerobic soil (pH 4.9-5.9), DT50 8-25 d; in flooded soil, 40-160 d. Soil adsorption K 0.74-2.04 mg/kg in soils with 0.5-2.2% o.m. and pH 5.5-7.8.