Malathion 马拉硫磷

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马拉硫磷

马拉硫磷结构式别名:马拉松;四零四九;马拉赛昂 英文通用名称 malathion 毒性 马拉硫磷属低毒杀虫剂。原药雌鼠急性经口LD50为1751.5毫克/千克,雄大鼠经口LD50为1634.5毫克/千克,大鼠经皮LD50为4000--6150毫克/千克,对蜜蜂高毒,对眼睛、皮肤有刺激性。 剂型 45%马拉硫磷乳油,25%马拉硫磷油剂,70%优质马拉硫磷乳油(防虫磷)。适用范围 适用于防治烟草、茶和桑树等作物上的害虫。也可用于防治仓库害虫。

特点
马拉硫磷具有良好的触杀,胃毒和一定的熏蒸作用,无内吸作用。进入虫体后氧化成马拉氧磷,从而更能发挥毒杀作用,而进入温血动物时,则被在昆虫体内所没有的羧酸酯酶水解,因而失去毒性。马拉硫磷毒性低,残效期短,对刺吸式口器和咀嚼式口器的害虫都有效。 成分结构
分子式:C10H19O6PS2
分子量:330.36
熔点:2.9-3.7℃
沸点:156-159℃(0.093kPa)
相对密度:1.23
蒸汽压:5.3*10-5kpa(30℃)
外观性状:纯品为无色或淡黄色有状液体,有蒜臭味;工业品带深褐色,有强烈气味。
稳定性:不稳定,在PH为5.0以下有活性,PH7.0以上都容易水解失效,PH为12以上迅速分解,遇铁、铝、金属时也能促其分解。对光稳定,但对热稳定性稍差。常温加热会发生异构化作用,150℃加热24小时90%转化为甲硫基异构体。
危险性:遇明火、高热可燃。与强氧化剂发生反应。受热分解,防止产生磷、硫的氧化物气体。

使用方法
1.麦类作物害虫的防治 防治粘虫、蚜虫、麦叶蜂,用45%乳油1000倍液喷雾。
2.豆类作物害虫的防治 防治大豆食心虫、大豆造桥虫、豌豆象、豌豆和管蚜、黄条跳甲,用45%乳油1000倍液喷雾,每亩喷液量75--100 千克。
3.水稻害虫的防治 防治稻叶蝉、稻飞虱,用45%乳油1000倍液喷雾,每亩喷液量75--100 千克
4.棉花害虫的防治 防治棉叶跳虫、盲蝽象,用45%乳油1500倍液喷雾。
5.果树害虫的防治 防治果树上各种刺蛾、巢蛾、粉介壳虫、蚜虫,用45%乳油1500倍液喷雾。
6.茶树害虫的防治 防治茶象甲、长白蚧、龟甲蚧、茶绵蚧等,用45%乳油500-800倍液喷雾。
7.蔬菜害虫的防治 防治菜青虫、菜蚜、黄条跳甲等,用45%乳油1000倍液喷雾。
8.林木害虫的防治 防治尺蠖、松毛虫、杨毒蛾等,每亩用25%油剂150-200毫升,超低容量喷雾。
9.卫生害虫的防治 苍蝇用45%乳油250倍液按100--200 毫升/ 平方米用药。 臭虫用45%乳油160倍液按100--150 毫升/ 平方米用药。 蟑螂用45%乳油250倍液按50 毫升/ 平方米用药。

注意事项
1.本品易燃,在运输、贮存过程中注意防火,远离火源。
2.中毒症状为头痛、头晕、恶心、无力、多汗、呕吐、流涎、视力模糊、瞳孔缩小、痉挛、昏迷、肌纤颤、肺水肿等。误中毒时应立即送医院诊治,给病人皮下注射1-2毫克阿托品,并立即催吐。上呼吸道刺激可饮少量牛奶及苏打。眼睛受到沾染时用温水冲洗。皮肤发炎时可用20%苏打水湿绷带包扎。

安全防护措施
工程控制:严加密闭,提供充分的局部排风和全面通风。
呼吸系统防护:生产操作或农业使用时,必须佩戴防护口罩。紧急事态抢救或逃生时,必须佩戴自给式呼吸器。
眼睛防护:戴化学安全防护眼镜。
身体防护:穿相应的防护服。
手防护:戴防护手套。
其他:工业现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作后,沐浴更衣。工作服不要带到非作业场所,单独存放毒物污染的衣服,洗后再用。注意个人清洁卫生。
急救措施:应使患者脱离污染区,安置休息并保暖;皮肤污染立即更换衣服,应用肥皂及清水冲洗;误服立即用微碱性液体反复洗胃,忌服牛奶、蛋清和油类食物,解毒药用解磷定、阿托品,并急送医院救治。
泄露处置:疏散泄露污染区人员至安全区,禁止无关人员进入污染区,切断火源。应急处理人员应戴好防毒面具,穿响应的工作服。在确保安全情况下堵漏。用沙土或其它不燃性吸附剂混合吸收,然后收集转移到安全场所。也可以用大量水冲洗,经稀释的冲洗水放入废水系统,无害化处理达标后排放。如大量泄露,建围堤收容,然后收集、转移、回收或无害处理后废弃。
消防方法:灭火剂:雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、沙土。
主要用途:为非内吸性杀虫、杀螨剂。适用于防治水稻、高粱、蔬菜、果树等作物上的多种咀嚼式口器的害虫。

危险品环境影响
急性中毒表现:短期内接触(口服、吸入、皮肤、黏膜)大量有机磷农药后一般发病较快。马拉硫磷中毒的潜伏期较长。经皮肤吸收,在12h内发病,中毒症状表现为食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、多汗、事物模糊、瞳孔缩小、呼吸道分泌物增加,支气管痉挛呼吸困难、肺水肿;样症状表现为肌束震颤,肌痉挛、肌麻痹;中枢神经系统症状表现为头痛、头晕、失眠活嗜睡、乏力、烦躁、抽搐、昏迷、脑水肿。口服中毒时病情较重,胃肠道症状更明显。部分病例可有心肌、肝、肾损害。

危险品环境标准
主要描述国内外颁布的环境标准,包括水、气等方面。
环境标准:车间空气卫生标准(mg/m3)
中国:2(皮),俄罗斯:0.5,美国10
生活饮用水水体最大浓度(mg/L)俄罗斯:0.05
污水最高允许排放浓度(mg/L) 中国:不得检出(一级),5.0(二级),10(三级)
渔业水质标准(mg/L) 中国:≤0.005
地表水 0.005(mg/L)(Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类)
危险品监测方法
包括危险品现场监测方法和实验室监测方法。
(1)气相色谱法:(GB13192-91,水质)
气相色谱法(GB/T5009.20---1996,粮食、蔬菜、油)检出限:0.1mg,.02mg/L。
(2) 酶——氯化铁分光光度法,检出限: 0.1чg/mL
(3) 硫酸钯分光光度法,检出限: 5чg/mL

 

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malathion
Insecticide, acaricide
IRAC 1B; organophosphate

  malathion

NOMENCLATURE
Common name malathion (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO, ESA, BAN); maldison (Australia, New Zealand); malathon (JMAF); mercaptothion (South Africa); carbofos (USSR); no name (Germany); mercaptotion (Argentina)
IUPAC name diethyl (dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate; S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
Chemical Abstracts name diethyl [(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]butanedioate
CAS RN [121-75-5] EEC no. 204-497-7 Development codes EI 4049 (Cyanamid) Official codes OMS 1; ENT 17 034

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Tech. grade is c. 95% pure. Mol. wt. 330.4 M.f. C10H19O6PS2 Form Tech. is a clear, amber liquid. M.p. 2.85 ºC B.p. 156-157 ºC/0.7 mmHg. V.p. 5.3 mPa (30 ºC) KOW logP = 2.75 Henry 1.21 ´ 10-2 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.23 (25 ºC) Solubility In water 145 mg/l (25 ºC). Miscible with most organic solvents, e.g. alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons. Slightly soluble in petroleum ether and some types of mineral oil. Stability Relatively stable in neutral, aqueous media. Decomposed by strong acids and by alkali; hydrolysis DT50 107 d (pH 5), 6 d (pH 7), 0.5 d (pH 9) (all 25 °C); F.p. 163 °C (Pensky-Martens closed cup)

COMMERCIALISATION
History Insecticide reported by G. A. Johnson et al. (J. Econ. Entomol., 1952, 45, 279). Introduced by American Cyanamid Co.; rights transferred to Cheminova in 1991. Patents US 2578652 Manufacturers Agrochem; Aimco; Cheminova; Ficom; Hindustan; Lucava; Sharda; Sinochem Ningbo; Tekchem

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Cholinesterase inhibitor; proinsecticide, activated by metabolic oxidative desulfuration to the corresponding oxon. Mode of action Non-systemic insecticide and acaricide with contact, stomach, and respiratory action. Uses Used to control Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera in a wide range of crops, including cotton, pome, soft and stone fruit, potatoes, rice and vegetables. Used extensively to control major arthropod disease vectors (Culicidae) in public health programmes, ectoparasites (Diptera, Acari, Mallophaga) of cattle, poultry, dogs and cats, human head and body lice (Anoplura), household insects (Diptera, Orthoptera), and for the protection of stored grain. Typical application rates for agricultural uses 0.5-1.25 kg/ha. Phytotoxicity Non-phytotoxic in general, if used as recommended, but glasshouse cucurbits and beans, certain ornamentals, and some varieties of apple, pear, and grape may be injured. Formulation types DP; EC; EW; UL; WP. Compatibility Incompatible with alkaline materials (residual toxicity may be decreased). Selected products: 'Fyfanon' (Cheminova, Helena); 'Cekumal' (Cequisa); 'Devimalt' (Devidayal); 'Dustrin' (Vapco); 'Hilmala' (Hindustan); 'Hilthion' (Hindustan); 'Kemavert' (Kemio); 'Lucathion' (Lucava); 'Malathane' (Agriphar); 'Malatox' (Pesticides India, Caffaro); 'Maltox' (Aimco); 'MLT' (Sumitomo); 'Mythion' (Crop Health); 'White Star' (Sanonda)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Cythion' (BASF, Helena); 'Malathon' (BASF); 'Admal' (public health) (Chemvet); 'Agrothion' (Agrochem); 'Atrapa' (Griffin); 'Avepol' (Agricultura Nacional); 'Dipamal' (Papaeconomou); 'Krishi Mathion' (Krishi Rasayan); 'Lupara' (Chemiplant); 'Malac' (Chemia); 'Malixol' (Bayer CropScience); 'Ramathion' (Krishi Rasayan); 'Sunbugger' (Sungro); 'Vap-Malathion' (Vapco) mixtures: 'B.W.A.C.T.' (+ grandlure) (Plato); 'TMP' (+ grandlure) (Plato) Discontinued products: 'Malagran' * (Cyanamid); 'Malatol' * (Cyanamid); 'Celthion' * (Excel)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by glc (CIPAC Handbook, 1983, 1B, 1849; AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 979.05). Residues determined by glc, with TID or FPD, by tlc, by paper chromatography, or by single sweep oscillographic polarography (ibid., 957.15*, 968.24*, 970.52, 970.53*; Pestic. Anal. Man., 1979, I, 201-A, 201-G, 201-H, 201-I; Analyst (London), 1973, 98, 19; 1977, 102, 858; 1980, 105, 515; 1985, 110, 765; Man. Pestic. Residue Anal., 1987, I, 3,5, 6, S8, S10, S13, S17, S19; Anal. Methods Residues Pestic., 1988, Part I, M2, M5, M10).

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Reviews FAO/WHO 80, 82 (see part 2 of the Bibliography). IARC ref. 30 class 3 Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 1375-5500 mg/kg (pure), mice 775-3320 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 (24 h) for rabbits 4100-8800, rats >2000 mg/kg. Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >5.2 mg/l. NOEL In 2 y trials on rats, the only effects seen at 500 ppm (29 mg/kg b.w. daily) was inhibition of cholinesterase in plasma and red blood cells. ADI (JMPR) 0.3 mg/kg b.w. [1997]. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III; EPA (formulation) III (Fyfanon tech. and 5 EC) EC classification Xn; R22

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Dietary LC50 (5 d) for bobwhite quail 3500, ring-necked pheasants 4320 mg/kg diet. Fish LC50 (96 h) for bluegill sunfish 0.1, largemouth bass 0.28 mg/l. Daphnia EC50 (48 h) 1.0 mg/l. Algae EC50 (72 h) 13 mg/l. Bees Toxic to bees. LD50 (topical) 0.71 mg/bee. Worms LC50 613 mg/kg soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
EHC 63 (WHO, 1986; a general review of organophosphorus insecticides). Animals In mammals, following oral administration, the major part of the dose is excreted in the urine and faeces within 24 hours. Degradation is by oxidative desulfuration by liver microsomal enzymes, leading to the formation of malaoxon; malathion and malaoxon are hydrolysed and thus detoxified by carboxylesterases. In insects, metabolism involves hydrolysis of the carboxylate and phosphorodithioate esters, and oxidation to malaoxon. Plants De-esterified to its mono- and di- carboxylic acids, which are cleaved to yield succinic acid, which is subsequently incorporated into plant constituents. Soil/Environment Under normal conditions, it is 99% degraded by hydrolysis within 7 d.