imazamox
Herbicide
HRAC B WSSA 2; imidazolinone
NOMENCLATURE
Common name imazamox (BSI, pa ISO, ANSI)
IUPAC name (RS)-2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-5-methoxymethylnicotinic acid
Chemical Abstracts name (?-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
CAS RN [114311-32-9] Development codes AC 299,263; CL 299,263 (both Cyanamid); BAS 720 H (BASF)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Tech. is 95% pure. Mol. wt. 305.3 M.f. C15H19N3O4 Form Odourless, off-white solid. M.p. 166.0-166.7 °C (tech.) V.p. <1.3 ´ 10-2 mPa (25 °C) KOW logP = -1.03 (pH 5, uncorrected for dissociation), -2.4 (pH 7, uncorrected), and 0.73 (pH 5 & 6, corrected) Henry <9.76 ´ 10-7 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.39 (20 °C) Solubility In water 4160 ppm (20 °C). In acetone 2.93, ethyl acetate 1, methanol 6.7 g/100 ml. Stability Stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 9. DT50 for aqueous photodegradation 6.8 h. pKa 2.3, 3.3, 10.8
COMMERCIALISATION
History EUP first granted in 1995; US unconditional registration in 2001. Manufacturers BASF
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS or AHAS) inhibitor. Selectivity in soya beans and peanuts is attributed to rapid detoxification via demethylation and glycosylation (B. Tecle et al., Proc. 1997 Br. Crop Prot. Conf. - Weeds, 2,605). Mode of action Post-emergence herbicide, absorbed through both foliage and roots and translocated to growing points. Plants wilt and turn brown. Uses For post-emergence weed control in soya beans and other legumes grown in rotation with sugar beet and other crops where more persistent imidazolinones are not suited and in crops tolerant to imazamox, such as 'Clearfield' wheat, rape and sunflowers. Application rates 0.032-0.05 lb/a. Formulation types WG. Selected products: 'Beyond' (USA, for 'Clearfield' crops) (BASF); 'Raptor' (USA) (BASF); 'Sweeper' (Latin America) (BASF)
OTHER PRODUCTS
'Meridien' (Italy) (BASF); 'Powergizer' (BASF); 'Tropical' (Italy) (BASF) mixtures: 'Absolute' (+ imazethapyr+ clopyralid) (potassium salts) (BASF); 'Adrenalin' (+ 2,4-D-2-ethylhexyl) (Canada) (BASF); 'Nirvana' (+ pendimethalin) (France) (BASF); 'Odyssey' (+ imazethapyr) (Canada) (BASF) Discontinued products: 'Bolero' * (BASF) mixtures: 'Oklahoma' * (+ pendimethalin) (BASF)
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for male and female rats >5000 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for male and female rats >4000 mg/kg. Slight skin irritant; moderate eye irritant (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >6.3 mg/l. NOEL (1 y) for dogs 1165 mg/kg b.w. daily. Other Negative in Ames, micronucleus aberration and CHO/HGPRT tests.
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 (14 d) for bobwhite quail >1846 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout >122 mg/l. NOEC (96 h) for bluegill 119 mg/l. Daphnia NOEC (48 h) 122 mg/l. Algae >0.037 mg/l (4 species) Bees LD50 (contact) >25 mg/bee. Worms LC50 >901 mg/kg soil. Other beneficial spp. Studies on 4 representative non-target arthropod species indicate a harmless ranking according to ESCORT guidelines.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals In rats, following oral administration, rapidly excreted in urine and faeces, mainly as unchanged parent. Plants Metabolism proceeds via demethylation to form the alcohol, and oxidation to the carboxylic acid. Soil/Environment Degrades aerobically in the soil to a non-herbicidal metabolite; also degrades by aqueous photolysis; photodegradation is slow on soil; median lab. DT50 44 d (20 °C). Field DT50 5-41 d. Imazamox is mobile, but the terminal soil metabolite is moderately mobile to immobile. Leaching of imazamox in field studies was very limited.
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