foramsulfuron
Herbicide
HRAC B WSSA 2; sulfonylurea
NOMENCLATURE
Common name foramsulfuron (BSI, pa ISO)
IUPAC name 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-[2-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-5-formamidophenylsulfonyl]urea
Chemical Abstracts name 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-4-(formylamino)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide
CAS RN [173159-57-4] Development codes AEF 130360 (AgrEvo); AVD44680H (mixture with iodosulfuron-methyl sodium and safener)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 452.4 M.f. C17H20N6O7S Form Light beige solid. M.p. 199.5 °C V.p. 4.2 ´ 10-8 mPa (20 °C) KOW log P = 4.01 (pH 5), 0.166 (pH 7), 0.0106 (pH 8) Henry 5.8 ´ 10-12 Pa m3 mol-1 (20 °C) Solubility In water 0.04 (pH 5), 3.3 (pH 7), 94.6 (pH 8) (all g/l, 20 °C). Stability Stable to photolysis. Abiotic hydrolysis DT50 10 (pH 5), 128 (pH 7), 130 (pH 8) (all in d, 20 °C).
COMMERCIALISATION
History Reported by B. Collins et al., (Proc. BCPC Conf. - Weeds, 2001, 1, 35). First synthesised in 1995 and under development by Aventis CropScience (now Bayer CropScience). Manufacturers Bayer CropScience
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS or AHAS) inhibitor. Selectivity in maize derives from more rapid metabolism. Isoxadifen-ethyl increases selectivity in maize by reducing translocation of parent foramsulfuron. Mode of action Meristematic regions become chlorotic and necrotic, followed by general foliar chlorosis and necrosis; symptoms are visible within 48 h. Following foliar uptake, foramsulfuron is translocated throughout the plant, particularly to the meristematic regions. Uses Post-emergence herbicide for grass (e.g. Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria spp., Elytrigia repens, and Sorghum halepense) and broad-leaved weed control in maize; applied at 30-60 g/ha. When mixed with iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium (q.v.), the broad-leaved weed spectrum is enhanced, to include weeds such as Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album, Xanthium strumarium, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ipomoea spp., Helianthus annuus and Cirsium arvense. The a.i. is usually used in combination with the safener isoxadifen-ethyl (q.v.). Formulation types SC; WG. Selected products: 'Equip' (Bayer CropScience)
OTHER PRODUCTS
'Option' (Bayer CropScience) mixtures: 'Fortuna' (+ iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium+ isoxadifen-ethyl) (Bayer CropScience); 'MaisTer' (+ iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium+ isoxadifen-ethyl) (Bayer CropScience); 'Tribute' (+ iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) (Bayer CropScience)
ANALYSIS
Residues are determined by hplc/ms.
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats >5000 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >2000 mg/kg. Non-irritating to skin, mildly irritating to eyes (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 for rats >5.04 mg/l. NOEL NOAEL (90 d) for male rats 20 000 ppm diet (849 mg/kg b.w. daily); (18 mo) for male mice 8000 ppm diet (1115 mg/kg b.w. daily). Other Not mutagenic. Toxicity class EPA (formulation) III
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Not toxic. Fish LC50 for fish >100 mg/l. Algae EC50 12.5 mg/l. Other aquatic spp. EC50 for aquatic invertebrates >100 mg/l, for Lemna 0.65 mg/l. Bees Not toxic. Worms Not toxic.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals In rats, following oral administration, 91% was eliminated within 24 h, mainly in the faeces, as unchanged foramsulfuron. Metabolism proceeds largely as in plants. Plants In maize, metabolism is by hydrolysis of the sulfonylurea bridge, with formation of 4-formylamino-N,N-dimethyl-2-sulfamoylbenzamide and 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine, by hydrolysis of the formamide moiety on the phenyl ring to produce 4-amino-2-[3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)ureidosulfonyl]-N,N-dimethylbenzamide, and by oxidative metabolism of the dimethoxypyrimidyl ring. All these metabolites are subject to further degradation leading to the formation of highly polar, water-soluble products. Residues in the plant are low. Soil/Environment Readily degraded, mainly by a microbial process, in a range of soils, DT50 1.5-9.4 d. Foramsulfuron and its metabolites are not transported in soil below 1 m, at or above the EU threshold for drinking water.
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