Ethion 乙硫磷

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乙硫磷

乙硫磷结构式纯品为无色或琥珀色液体,沸点164~165℃(40Pa)。微溶于水,可溶于大多数常用溶剂中。LD50208mg/kg。工业品的毒性较大。20世纪50年代面市的有机磷杀虫、杀螨剂,可用二乙氧基二硫代磷酸盐与二溴甲烷反应制取。用于防治蚜虫、介壳虫及螨类。制剂有颗粒剂,可湿性粉剂、乳油等。

中文名: 乙硫磷
外文名: Ethion
别名: 益赛昂
分子式: C9H22O4P2S4
相对分子质量: 384.45
化学品类别: 有机物--硫化物--磷化物
管制类型: 不管制
储存: 密封保存

物理性质
外观与性状:纯品为白色至琥珀色油状液体,工业品为油状液体,有恶臭。
熔点(℃):-12~-15
相对密度(水=1):1.22
沸点(℃):125(0.0013kPa)
分子式:C9H22O4P2S4
分子量:384.45
溶解性:微溶于水,溶于氯仿、苯、二甲苯,易溶于丙酮、甲醇、乙醇。
化学性质
受热分解,放出磷、硫的氧化物等毒性气体。

作用与用途
有机磷杀虫、杀螨剂。具有较强的触杀作用,一定的杀螨卵作用。用于防治棉花、水稻、果树作物上的害虫和害螨,也可用于拌种,防治蛴螬、蝼蛄等地下害虫。如防治棉红蜘蛛,在成、若螨发生期或螨卵盛孵期施药,用50%乳油1500~2000倍液喷雾同时防治叶蝉、盲蝽等害虫。防治棉蚜用50%乳油1000~1500倍液喷雾;防治水稻飞虱、蓟马,用50%乳油2000~2500倍液喷雾。不能在蔬菜和茶树上使用。[2]

使用注意事项
危险性概述
健康危害:有机磷农药抑制胆碱酯酶活性,造成神经生理功能紊乱。急性中毒:短期内接触(口服、吸入、皮肤、粘膜)大量引起急性中毒。表现有头痛、头昏、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、流涎、瞳孔缩小、呼吸道分泌物增多、多汗、肌束震颤等。重者出现肺水肿、脑水肿、昏迷、呼吸麻痹。部分病例可有心、肝、肾损害。少数严重病例在意识恢复后数周或数月后发生周围神经病。个别严重病例可发生迟发性猝死。血胆碱酯酶活性降低。慢性中毒:尚有争论。有神经衰弱综合征、多汗、肌束震颤等。血胆碱酯酶活性降低。
燃爆危险:该品可燃,高毒。[1]

急救措施
皮肤接触:立即脱去污染的衣着,用肥皂水及流动清水彻底冲洗污染的皮肤、头发、指甲等。就医。
眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。
吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。如呼吸停止,立即进行人工呼吸。就医。
食入:饮足量温水,催吐。用清水或2%~5%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃。就医。[1]

消防措施
有害燃烧产物:一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氧化磷、氧化硫。
灭火方法:消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服,在上风向灭火。
灭火剂:干粉、泡沫、砂土。[1]

泄漏应急处理
应急处理:迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区,并进行隔离,严格限制出入。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器,穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。
小量泄漏:用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。
大量泄漏:构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖,降低蒸气灾害。用泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内,回收或运至废物处理场所处置。[1]

操作处置与储存
操作注意事项:严加密闭,提供充分的局部排风和全面通风。操作人员必须经过专门培训,严格遵守操作规程。建议操作人员佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具(全面罩),穿聚乙烯防毒服,戴橡胶手套。远离火种、热源,工作场所严禁吸烟。使用防爆型的通风系统和设备。防止蒸气泄漏到工作场所空气中。避免与氧化剂、酸类、碱类接触。搬运时要轻装轻卸,防止包装及容器损坏。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。倒空的容器可能残留有害物。
储存注意事项:储存于阴凉、通风的库房。远离火种、热源。保持容器密封。应与氧化剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品分开存放,切忌混储。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。应严格执行极毒物品“五双”管理制度。 [1]

制备
由O,O-二乙基二硫代磷酸酯用碳酸氢钠转变为钠盐后,与二氯甲烷反应制得乙硫磷。将钠盐、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钠投入反应锅,加料量一般为每500g 60%的钠盐加碳酸氢钠5g,氢氧化钠的用量使料液的pH值调节到7为限。再按钠盐:二氯甲烷=1:0.7(摩尔比)投入二氯甲烷。向反应锅充入氮气,使锅内保持0.2-0.4MPa压力。升温至100-110℃,反应5-8h,反应压力为1-1.5MPa。反应完成后,冷却至35℃。将合成的原油滤去少量滤渣后,静置分层,取油层用水洗涤三次。减压脱水可得90%左右的乙硫磷原油。收率70%以上。[2]


 

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ethion
Acaricide, insecticide
IRAC 1B; organophosphate

  ethion

NOMENCLATURE
Common name ethion (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO, ANSI, ESA, JMAF); diéthion ((m) France, Republic of South Africa, formerly India); no name (Italy, Portugal)
IUPAC name O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S,S'-methylene bis(phosphorodithioate)
Chemical Abstracts name S,S'-methylene bis(O,O-diethyl) phosphorodithioate
CAS RN [563-12-2] EEC no. 209-242-3 Development codes FMC 1240 Official codes ENT 24 105

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 384.5 M.f. C9H22O4P2S4 Form Water-white to amber-coloured liquid. M.p. -15 to -12 ºC B.p. 164-165 ºC/0.3 mmHg V.p. 0.20 mPa (25 ºC) KOW logP = 4.28 Henry 3.85 ´ 10-2 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.22 (20 ºC); (tech., 1.215-1.230) Solubility In water 2 ppm (25 ºC). Miscible with most organic solvents, e.g. acetone, methanol, ethanol, xylene, kerosene, petroleum oils. Stability Hydrolysed by aqueous acids and alkalis; DT50 390 d (pH 9). Slowly oxidised by air. F.p. 176 °C (Pensky-Martens closed cup)

COMMERCIALISATION
History Insecticide reported (Chem. Eng. News, 1957, 35, 87). Introduced by FMC Corp. Patents GB 872221; US 2873228 Manufacturers Aimco; Bayer CropScience; Bharat; Cheminova; Krishi Rasayan; Rallis; Sharda; Shaw Wallace

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Cholinesterase inhibitor. Mode of action Non-systemic acaricide and insecticide with predominantly contact action. Uses Control of spider mites, aphids, scale insects, thrips, lepidopterous larvae, leafhoppers, suckers, soil-dwelling and other insects in pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus fruit, vines, vegetables, ornamentals, cotton, maize, sorghum, cucurbits, strawberries, turf, and other crops. Active against motile stages of mites when applied as a dormant spray, also against overwintering forms of many species. Typical application rate 0.5-1.0 kg/ha. Phytotoxicity Non-phytotoxic when used as directed, except to some varieties of apple (particularly early-maturing varieties, like Early McIntosh). Formulation types DP; EC; GR; WP; Seed treatment. Compatibility Incompatible with alkaline materials. Selected products: 'Cekuetion' (Cequisa); 'Cethion' (Cheminova); 'Challange' (Nagarjuna Agrichem); 'Deviastra' (Devidayal); 'Dhanumit' (Dhanuka); 'Match' (Crop Health); 'MIT 505' (Shaw Wallace); 'Rayethion' (Krishi Rasayan); 'Tafethion' (Rallis); mixtures: 'Tomahawk' (+ endosulfan) (Calliope)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Ethion' (FMC); 'Nialate' (FMC); 'Ethanox' (Aimco); 'Ethiol' (Bayer CropScience); 'Fosmite' (Pesticides India); 'Indothion' (Indofil); 'Nilmite' (Biostadt); 'Raythion' (Krishi Rasayan); 'Rhodiacide' (Bayer CropScience); 'Rhodocide' (Bayer CropScience); 'Rukawat' (Sabero); 'Veer' (Parry); 'Vegfru Fosmite' (Pesticides India); 'Volthion' (Ralchem) mixtures: 'Nagata' (+ cypermethrin) (Rallis)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by lc (CIPAC Handbook, 1983, 1B, 1826; AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 979.04). Residues determined by glc, with TID or FPD, by tlc or by paper chromatography (ibid., 968.24*, 970.52; Pestic. Anal. Man., 1979, I, 201-A, 201-G, 201-H, 201-I; D. C. Abbott et al., Pestic. Sci., 1970, 1, 10; Anal. Methods Pestic. Plant Growth Regul., 1972, 6, 396).

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Reviews FAO/WHO 59, 61 (see part 2 of the Bibliography). Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 208 mg/kg (pure), 21 mg/kg (tech.); for mice and guinea pigs 40-45 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats 838 mg/kg, guinea pigs and rabbits 915 mg/kg; (tech., for rabbits 1084 mg/kg). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats 0.45 mg tech./l. NOEL (2 y) for rats 0.2 mg/kg daily, dogs 2.5 mg/kg diet (0.06 mg/kg daily). ADI (JMPR) 0.002 mg/kg b.w. [1990]. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) II; EPA (formulation) II (all formulations) EC classification T; R25| Xn; R21

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds LD50 for quail 128, ducks >2000 mg tech./kg. Fish Toxic to fish. Average lethal concentration 0.72 mg/l (24 h); 0.52 mg/l (48 h). Daphnia EC50 (48 h) 0.056 mg/l. Bees Toxic to bees.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
EHC 63 (WHO, 1986; a general review of organophosphorus insecticides). Animals Metabolised in animals by oxidation to a phosphorothioate, followed by dealkylation and hydrolysis. Plants Break down is slow, and caused by weathering, rather than by plant metabolism. Soil/Environment Typical DT50 in soil 90 d.