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copper oxychloride
Fungicide
FRAC M1; multi-site: inorganic
NOMENCLATURE
Common name copper oxychloride (E-ISO, accepted in lieu of common name); oxychlorure de cuivre (F-ISO)
IUPAC name dicopper chloride trihydroxide (approximate composition); copper oxychloride
Chemical Abstracts name copper chloride oxide hydrate
Other names copper chloride hydroxide CAS RN [1332-40-7]; ([1332-65-6], defined as copper chloride hydroxide) EEC no. 215-572-9
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Contains 57% Cu++. Mol. wt. 427.1 M.f. Cl2Cu4H6O6 Form Green to bluish-green powder. M.p. decomp. 300 °C V.p. Negligible at 20 ºC Solubility In water <10-5 mg/l (pH 7, 20 ºC). Insoluble in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute acids, forming Cu(II) salts; soluble in ammonium hydroxide, forming a complex ion. Stability Very stable in neutral media. Decomposes on heating in alkaline media with the formation of copper oxides. Decomposes on heating, with the formation of copper oxides, and loss of hydrogen chloride.
COMMERCIALISATION
History Introduced as a fungicide in the early 1900s. Manufacturers Aimco; Crystal; Griffin; Hokko; Ingeniería Industrial; Isagro; Rallis; Sharda; Sulcosa; Syngenta; Tagros
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Copper-II ion (Cu++) is taken up by the spores during germination and accumulates until a sufficiently high concentration is achieved to kill the spore cell; the activity is limited to the prevention of spore germination. Mode of action Foliar fungicide with preventative action. Deposits must be on the crop before fungal spores begin to germinate. Uses Control of late blight of potatoes, tomatoes and other vegetables; leaf spot diseases of beet, celery, celeriac, parsley, olives, currants, and gooseberries; downy mildews of vines, hops, spinach, and ornamentals; canker and scab of pome fruit and stone fruit; scab, canker, and melanose of citrus fruit; asparagus rust; peach leaf curl; shot-hole of stone fruit; cane diseases of raspberries and blackberries; leaf spot and leaf scorch of strawberries; anthracnose and blister blight of tea; leaf spot and downy mildew of cucumbers and melons; bacterial diseases of lettuce; etc. Applied at 2-4 kg/ha or 300-400 g/100 l. Phytotoxicity Non-phytotoxic at the recommended rates, except to carrots and potatoes under certain conditions. Russetting may occur with some varieties of apple. Formulation types DP; PA; SC; WG; WP. Compatibility Incompatible with mercury-containing compounds, thiram, DNOC, lime sulfur, and dithiocarbamates. Selected products: 'Beni Dou' (Marubeni); 'Blitox' (Rallis); 'Cekucobre' (Cequisa); 'Cobox' (BASF); 'Copper Force' (Crop Health); 'Coprantol' (Syngenta); 'Coprarex' (Griffin); 'Coptox' (Aimco); 'Cupravit' (Bayer CropScience); 'Cuprokylt' (Unicrop); 'Curenox' (IQV); 'Deutsh Bordeaux A' (Hokko); 'Devicopper' (Devidayal); 'Dhanucop' (Dhanuka); 'Funguran' (Spiess-Urania); 'Hilcopper' (Hindustan); 'Kapper' (Ramcides); 'Miedzian' (Azot); 'Ossirame' (Sipcam); 'Oxicob' (Ingeniería Industrial); 'Pasta Caffaro' (Isagro); 'Recop' (Syngenta); mixtures: 'Cuprofal' (+ folpet) (Griffin); 'Syphal PM' (+ cymoxanil+ folpet+ mancozeb) (Griffin)
OTHER PRODUCTS
'Agro-Bakir' (AgroSan); 'Aviocaffaro' (Isagro); 'COC' (Cuproquim); 'COPAC' (IQV); 'Coupradin' (Papaeconomou); 'Cubre Corte' (Bayer CropScience); 'Cuprenox' (Diachem); 'Cuprocaffaro' (Isagro); 'Cuproflow' (Chemiplant); 'Cuprosan' (Bayer CropScience); 'Cuproxina' (Chemiplant); 'Dong oxyclorua' (Vipesco); 'KOP-OXY' (Drexel); 'Neoram' (Isagro); 'Styrocuivre' (Nufarm Americas); 'Sulcox' (Sulcosa); 'Viricuivre' (Philagro) mixtures: 'Armetil Cobre' (+ metalaxyl) (IQV); 'Armetil Triple' (+ folpet+ metalaxyl) (IQV); 'Aviso Cup' (+ cymoxanil+ metiram) (BASF); 'Bravo C/M' (+ chlorothalonil) (Syngenta); 'Cukarb' (+ carbendazim) (Azot); 'Cupro Phynebe' (+ zineb) (France) (Bayer CropScience); 'Euparen Ramato' (+ dichlofluanid) (Italy) (Bayer CropScience); 'Kasu-ran' (+ kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate) (Hokko); 'Konkret' (+ mancozeb) (Azot); 'Kupfer Fusilan' (+ cymoxanil) (Kwizda); 'Lonacol' (+ propineb) (Argentina) (Bayer CropScience); 'Mantox' (+ mancozeb) (Vapco); 'Mantox-Forte' (+ copper sulfate+ mancozeb) (Vapco); 'Melody Compact' (+ iprovalicarb) (Bayer CropScience); 'Ocarina' (+ iprovalicarb) (Bayer CropScience); 'Oxicob Mix' (+ mancozeb) (Ingeniería Industrial); 'Ridomil Gold Plus' (+ metalaxyl-M) (Syngenta); 'Ridomil Plus' (+ metalaxyl) (Syngenta); 'Syphal LS' (+ cymoxanil+ folpet+ mancozeb) (DuPont); 'Terranil CU' (+ chlorothalonil) (Agriliance); 'Tricuproxi' (+ mancozeb) (Aragro); 'UC 70' (+ mancozeb) (Philagro); 'Vacomil Plus' (+ metalaxyl) (Vapco); 'Viben-C' (+ benomyl) (Vipesco); 'Viroxyl' (+ metalaxyl) (Vipesco); 'Vizincop' (+ zineb) (Vipesco) Discontinued products: 'Cekuper' * (Cequisa); 'Cuprosana H' * (Unicrop); 'Kauritil' * (BASF) mixtures: 'Agromil Plus' * (+ metalaxyl) (Agro Chemicals); 'Ashlade SMC' * (+ maneb+ sulfur) (Ashlade); 'Kasumin Bordeaux' * (+ kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate+ oxine-copper) (Hokko); 'Mankuprox' * (+ mancozeb) (Azot); 'Senator' * (+ maneb+ sulfur) (Tripart)
ANALYSIS
Product determined iodometrically or by conversion to sulfate followed by electrolytic determination (CIPAC Handbook, 1992, E,42; ibid., 1998, H, 96). Residues determined by a colorimetric method (AOAC Methods, 14th Ed., 3.020-3.028, 3.033-3.034) or by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ibid., 3.013-3.016).
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 700-800 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >2000 mg/kg. Inhalation LC50 (4 h) >30 mg/l. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III; EPA (formulation) III
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Fish LC50 (48 h) for carp 2.2 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (24 h) 3.5 mg/l. Bees Not toxic to bees.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals Copper is an essential element and is under homeostatic control in mammals. Plants Plants resist copper accumulation and translocation to stems, leaves or seeds. Most plants growing on soils containing up to 1000 ppm copper showed only slight elevation in copper content compared to plants grown in normal soils. Soil/Environment Strongly adsorbed by soils.
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