chloroacetic acid
Herbicide
NOMENCLATURE
chloroacetic acid
Common name chloroacetic acid (BSI, E-ISO, accepted in lieu of common name); monochloroacetic acid (BSI, E-ISO, accepted in lieu of common name); acide chloracétique (F-ISO, accepted in lieu of common name)
IUPAC name chloroacetic acid
Chemical Abstracts name chloroacetic acid
CAS RN [79-11-8] EEC no. 201-178-4
sodium chloroacetate
Common name sodium chloroacetate
Other names SMA; SMCA CAS RN [3926-62-3] EEC no. 223-498-3
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
chloroacetic acid
Composition Tech. grade is c. 90% pure. Mol. wt. 94.5 M.f. C2H3ClO2 Form Chloroacetic acid forms a deliquescent solid and exists in three crystalline forms. M.p. 63 ºC (alpha), 55-56 ºC (beta), 50 ºC (gamma); (tech., 61-63 ºC) B.p. 189 ºC Solubility Very soluble in water. Soluble in ethanol, benzene, chloroform, and diethyl ether.
sodium chloroacetate
Mol. wt. 116.5 M.f. C2H2ClNaO2 Form Colourless crystalline solid. Solubility In water 850 g/l (20 ºC).
COMMERCIALISATION
History Herbicidal properties of the acid described by A. E. Hitchcock et al. (Proc. Northeast. Weed Control Conf., 1951, p. 105) and those of its sodium salt by T. C. Breese & A. F. J. Wheeler (Proc. Br. Weed Control Conf., 3rd, 1956, p. 759). Sodium chloroacetate was introduced by ICI Plant Protection Division (became Zeneca Agrochemicals who ceased to manufacture or market it).
APPLICATIONS
sodium chloroacetate
Mode of action Contact herbicide. Uses Used post-emergence to control a wide range of annual weeds at seedling stage in Brussels sprouts, kale, leeks and onions, at 20-25 kg/ha. It is also used in combination with atrazine for total weed control on industrial sites and other non-crop land. Formulation types SP. Selected products: 'Atlas Somon' (Nufarm UK); 'Croptex Steel' (Certis UK)
OTHER PRODUCTS
chloroacetic acid
Discontinued products: 'Monoxone' * (ICI)
ANALYSIS
Product analysis by chlorine content determined by alkaline hydrolysis and titration with silver nitrate, correcting for chloride ion and sodium dichloroacetate originally present.
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
chloroacetic acid
Skin and eye Irritating to eyes and skin (rabbits). NOEL Rats receiving 700 mg/kg diet for several months were not affected. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III (classification assigned to the acid on the basis of data for the sodium salt) EC classification T; R25| C; R34
sodium chloroacetate
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 650, mice 165 mg/kg. EC classification T; R25| Xi; R38| N; R50
ECOTOXICOLOGY
chloroacetic acid
Birds Toxic to poultry. Fish LC50 (48 h) for rainbow trout 900 mg/l. Bees Toxic to bees.
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