Chlormequat chloride 矮壮素

矮壮素

简介
矮壮素(又名稻麦立)是一种农药。
化学式 C5H13Cl2N
分子量 158.07 g/mol
熔点 239-243℃
沸点 260 °C
CAS号 50-29-3
EINECS登录号：213-666-4 矮壮素
[1]
纯度：>98.0%
等级：GR
MDL号：MFCD00011869
SMILES ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(C1=CC=C(Cl)
C=C1)C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2
英文俗名：chlormequat chloride
英文简称：CCC
中文名称： 2-氯-N,N,N-三甲基乙铵氯化物；矮壮素；稻麦立；氯化2-氯-N,N,N-三甲基乙胺；三西；西西西；氯化氯代胆碱
英文名称： Chlormequat chloride；Chlorocholine chloride；(2-chloroethyl)trimethyl-ammoniu chloride；(2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride；(beta-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride；2-chloraethyl-trimethylammoniumchlorid；2-chloro-n,n,n-trimethylethanaminium chloride；2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride
性质描述： 白色结晶。熔点245℃（部分分解）。易溶于水，在常温下饱和水溶液浓度可达80%左右。不溶于苯；二甲苯；无水乙醇，溶于丙醇。有鱼腥臭，易潮解。在中性或微酸性介质中稳定，在碱性介质中加热能分解。
毒性：按我国毒性分级标准，矮壮素属低毒植物生长调节剂。原粉雄性大鼠急性经口LD50为883mg/Kg，大鼠急性经皮LD50为4000mg/kg，大鼠1000mg/kg饲喂2年无不良影响。
生产方法： 由二氯乙烷吸收三甲胺，加热反应而得。
用途： 矮壮素是一种优良的植物生长调节剂，可用于小麦；水稻；棉花；烟草；玉米及西红柿等作物，抑制作物细胞伸长，但不抑制细胞分裂，能使植株变矮，杆茎变粗，叶色变绿，可使作物耐旱耐涝，防止作物徒长倒伏，抗盐碱，又能防止棉花落铃，可使马铃薯块茎增大。

作用
它不包含氯或溴原子, 没有ozone depletion作用。这是因此不伤环境的替换为 Halon 1301和 Halon 1211 基于的系统七。
矮壮素其生理功能是控制植株的营养生长（即根茎叶的生长），促进植株的生殖生长（即花和果实的生长），使植株的间节缩短、矮壮并抗倒伏，促进叶片颜色加深，光合作用加强，提高植株的坐果率、抗旱性、抗寒性和抗盐碱的能力。。
矮壮素对作物生长有控制作用，能防止倒苗败苗、控长增蘖、株健防倒、增穗增产。

矮壮素的使用方法
这种生长调节剂的功效同赤霉素的效果正好相反，它是赤霉素的拮抗剂，其生理功能是控制植株的营养生长（即根茎叶的生长），促进植株的生殖生长（即花和果实的生长），使植株的间节缩短、矮壮并抗倒伏，促进叶片颜色加深，光合作用加强，提高植株的坐果率、抗旱性、抗寒性和抗盐碱的能力。
具体用法：
一、在辣椒和土豆开始有徒长趋势时，在现蕾至开花期，土豆用1600-2500毫克/升的矮壮素喷洒叶面，可控制地面生长并促进增产，辣椒用20-25毫克/升的矮壮素喷洒茎叶，可控制徒长和提高坐果率。
二、用浓度为4000-5000毫克/升矮壮素药液在甘蓝（莲花白）和芹菜的生长点喷洒，可有效控制抽薹和开花。
三、番茄苗期用50毫克/升的矮壮素水剂进行土表淋洒，可使番茄株型紧凑并且提早开花。如果番茄定植移栽后发现有徒长现象时，可用500毫克/升的矮壮素稀释液按每株100-150毫升浇施，5-7天便会显示出药效，20-30天后药效消失，恢复正常。
四、黄瓜于15片叶时用62.5毫克/升的防落素水剂进行全株喷雾，可以促进坐果。

chlormequat chloride
Plant growth regulator
quaternary ammonium

NOMENCLATURE
chlormequat chloride
Common name chlormequat chloride (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO)
IUPAC name 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride
Chemical Abstracts name 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
Other names chlorocholine chloride; CCC CAS RN [999-81-5] EEC no. 213-666-4 Development codes BAS 062 W (BASF); AC 38 555 (Cyanamid)

chlormequat
Common name chlormequat (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO)
IUPAC name 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium
Chemical Abstracts name 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium
CAS RN [7003-89-6]

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
chlormequat chloride
Composition ³96% pure; tech. concentrate 750 g/l. Mol. wt. 158.1 M.f. C5H13Cl2N Form Colourless, extremely hygroscopic crystals, with a weak intrinsic odour; (tech., pale yellow crystals, with a fish-like odour). Usually produced as an aqueous solution. M.p. c. 235 ºC V.p. <0.001 mPa (25 ºC) KOW logP = -1.59 (pH 7) Henry 1.58 ´ 10-9 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.141 (20 °C) Solubility In water >1 kg/kg (20 ºC). In methanol >25, dichloroethane, ethyl acetate, n-heptane, and acetone <1, chloroform 0.3 (all in g/kg, 20 ºC). Stability Extremely hygroscopic; aqueous solutions are stable. Decomposition starts at 230 °C.

chlormequat
Mol. wt. 122.6 M.f. C5H13ClN

COMMERCIALISATION
History Chlormequat chloride reported as plant growth regulator by N. E. Tolbert (Plant Physiol., 1960, 35, 380; J. Biol. Chem., 1960, 235, 475). Introduced, in collaboration with Michigan State University, by American Cyanamid Co. (now BASF AG) and by BASF AG in Germany (1966). Patents US 3156554 to Cyanamid; US 3395009 to BASF; GB 1092138 to BASF; DE 1199048 Manufacturers BASF; Ciba Specialty Chemicals; Hico; Makhteshim-Agan; Nufarm GmbH; Sannong; UCB

APPLICATIONS
chlormequat chloride
Biochemistry Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor. Mode of action Plant growth regulator which inhibits cell elongation, hence shortening and strengthening the stem and producing a sturdier plant. Also influences the developmental cycle, leading to increased flowering and harvest. May also increase chlorophyll formation and root development. Uses To increase resistance to lodging (by shortening and strengthening the stem) and to increase yields in wheat, rye, oats, and triticale; for wheat in Europe, applied at 0.8-1.6 kg/ha. Also used to promote lateral branching and flowering in azaleas, fuchsias, begonias, poinsettias, geraniums, pelargoniums, and other ornamental plants; to promote flower formation and improve fruit setting in pears, almonds, vines, olives, and tomatoes; to prevent premature fruit drop in pears, apricots, and plums; etc. Also used on cotton, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, mangoes, and other crops. Formulation types DP; SL. Compatibility Should not be combined with dinoseb, cyanazine, or other contact herbicides. Selected products: 'CeCeCe' (BASF); 'Cycocel' (BASF); 'Atlas Quintacel' (Nufarm UK); 'Belcocel' (UCB); 'Ceku-CCC' (Cequisa); 'Cycogan' (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Holdup' (Barclay); 'Hormocel' (Aimco); mixtures: 'Parlay C' (+ paclobutrazol) (Syngenta)

OTHER PRODUCTS
chlormequat chloride
'Atlas Terbine' (Nufarm UK); 'Balance' (Intracrop); 'Barleyquat' (Mandops); 'Bettaquat' (Mandops); 'Brevis' (Tripart); 'Carna' (GreenCrop); 'Coolfin' (GreenCrop); 'Liffey' (Barclay); 'Lucan' (Barclay); 'Manipulator' (Mandops); 'Podquat' (with di-1-p-menthene) (Mandops); 'Sigma PCT' (Nufarm UK); 'Stabilan' (Nufarm GmbH, Nufarm UK); 'Sustentor' (CAS); 'Take 5' (with choline chloride) (Barclay); 'Titan' (Bayer CropScience); 'Tricol' (Nufarm UK); 'Uplift' (United Phosphorus) mixtures: 'Concord' (+ ethephon+ imazaquin-ammonium) (BASF); 'Cyclade' (+ ethephon+ mepiquat chloride) (BASF); 'Meteor' (+ imazaquin-ammonium) (BASF); 'Mondium' (+ imazaquin-ammonium) (BASF); 'Satellite' (+ ethephon+ imazaquin-ammonium) (BASF); 'Stronghold' (+ mepiquat chloride) (BASF); 'Sypex' (+ ethephon) (BASF); 'Terpal C' (+ ethephon) (BASF); 'Banshee XL' (+ ethephon) (Barclay); 'Cyter' (+ mepiquat chloride) (De Sangosse, BASF); 'Ranfor' (+ ethephon) (Calliope); 'Spatial Plus' (+ ethephon) (Stefes); 'Strate' (+ ethephon) (Bayer CropScience); 'Tycoon' (+ ethephon) (GreenCrop); 'Upgrade' (+ ethephon) (Bayer CropScience) Discontinued products: 'Ashlade 460 CCC' * (Ashlade); 'Ashlade 5C' * (with choline chloride) (Ashlade); 'Ashlade 700 5C' * (with choline chloride) (Nufarm Whyte, Ashlade); 'Ashlade 700 CCC' * (Ashlade); 'Atlas 460:46' * (Atlas); 'Cropsafe 5C' * (Hortichem); 'Halloween' * (with di-1-p-menthene) (Mandops); 'Hele Stone' * (with di-1-p-menthene) (Mandops); 'Hyquat' * (Agrichem Int.); 'MSS Mircell' * (Mirfield); 'MSS Mirquat' * (Mirfield); 'Renown' * (Stefes); 'Standup' * (Vass); 'Supaquat' * (Portman)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate (chlormequat chloride and choline chloride can thus be determined separately) (CIPAC Handbook, 1988, D, 39), by colorimetry (N. R. Pasarela & E. J. Orloski, Anal. Methods Pestic. Plant Growth Regul., 1974, 7, 523) or by ion chromatography (CIPAC Handbook, 1998, H, 77). Residues determined by ion chromatography (J. R. Startin, et al., Analyst, 124, 1011-1015 (1999)) or by lc-ms/ms (M. Vahl, et al., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 361, 817-820 (1998), R. Castro, et al., JAOAC Int., 84, no 6, (2001)). Details available from BASF.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
chlormequat chloride
Reviews FAO/WHO 86, 88 (see part 2 of the Bibliography). Oral Acute oral LD50 for male rats 966, female rats 807 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats >4000, rabbits >2000 mg/kg. Not irritating to skin and eyes; not a skin sensitiser. Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >5.2 mg/l air. NOEL (2 y) for rats 50, male mice 336, female mice 23 mg/kg b.w. ADI (JMPR) 0.05 [1999, 1997]. Other Toxicity to mammals is reduced by the addition of choline chloride (DEP 1215436). Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) III; EPA (formulation) III EC classification Xn; R21/22

ECOTOXICOLOGY
chlormequat chloride
Birds Acute oral LD50 for Japanese quail 555, pheasants 261, chickens 920 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for mirror carp and rainbow trout >100 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) 31.7 mg/l. Algae EC50 (72 h) for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata >100 mg/l; EC50 (cell volume) for Chlorella fusca 5656 mg/l. Other aquatic spp. LC50 (96 h) for fiddler crab ³1000, shrimp 804, oysters 67 mg/l. Bees Non-toxic to bees. Worms LC50 (14 d) for Eisenia foetida 2111 mg/kg soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals In goats, 97% is eliminated within 24 h, principally unchanged. Plants Converted to choline chloride in most plants studied. Soil/Environment In soil, rapidly degraded by microbial activity. It has no influence on soil microflora or fauna. DT50 in 4 soils averaged 32 d at 10 ºC; 1 d - 28 d at 22 ºC. Low to medium mobility. Koc 203.