Carboxin 萎锈灵

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萎锈灵

萎锈灵是一种具有内吸作用的杂环类杀菌剂。纯品为白色针状结晶。难溶于水,可溶于甲醇、丙酮、苯等有机溶剂。遇碱性物质容易分解失效。剂型有可湿性粉剂、乳油等。主要用于防治高粱丝黑穗病等禾谷类黑穗病,也可防治小麦锈病、棉草病害、粟白发病等。对人畜低毒。小鼠口服LD503200mg/kg。

萎锈灵的应用
适宜作物:小麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻、棉花、花生、大豆、蔬菜、玉米、高粱等多种作物以及草坪等。20%萎锈灵乳油100倍液对麦类可能有轻微危害。药剂处理过的种子不可食用或作饲料。
防治对象萎锈灵为选择性内吸杀菌剂,主要用于防治由锈菌和黑粉菌在多种作物上引起的锈病和黑粉(穗)病,对棉花立枯病、黄萎病也有效,如高粱散黑穗病、丝黑穗病、玉米丝黑穗病、麦类黑穗病、麦类锈病、谷子黑穗病以及棉花苗期病害。
应用技术勿与碱性或酸性药品接触。
使用方法主要用于拌种,推荐用量为50~200g(a.i.)/l00kg种子。
(1)防治高粱散黑穗病、丝黑穗病、玉米丝黑穗病每l00kg种子用20%萎锈灵乳油500~l000ml拌种。
(2)防治麦类黑穗病每l00kg种子甩20%萎锈灵乳油500ml拌种。
(3)麦类锈病的防治每l00kg种子用20%萎锈灵乳油187.5~375ml对水喷雾,每隔10~15dl次,共喷两次
(4)防治谷子黑穗病每l00kg种子用20%萎锈灵乳油800~1250mI拌种或闷种。
(5)防治棉花苗期病害每l00kg种子用20%萎锈灵乳油875ml拌种。防治棉花黄萎病可用萎锈灵250mg/L灌根,每株灌药渣约500mI。

 

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carboxin
Fungicide
FRAC 7, C2; carboxamide

  Carboxin

NOMENCLATURE
Common name carboxin (BSI, E-ISO, ANSI); carboxine ((f) F-ISO); carbathiin (Canada); no name (Denmark, Germany)
IUPAC name 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathi-ine-3-carboxanilide
Chemical Abstracts name 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-N-phenyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxamide
CAS RN [5234-68-4] EEC no. 226-031-1 Development codes D 735

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Tech. grade is >97% pure. Mol. wt. 235.3 M.f. C12H13NO2S Form White crystals; (tech. is a pale yellow powder with a slight sulfurous odour) M.p. 91-92 °C (pure a.i.) V.p. 0.020 mPa (25 ºC) KOW logP = 2.3 Henry 3.24 ´ 10-5 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.45 Solubility In water 0.147 g/l (20 °C). In acetone 221.2, methanol 89.33, ethyl acetate 107.7 (g/l, 20 °C). Stability Stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 (25 ºC). In aqueous solutions exposed to light, DT50 1.54 h (pH 7, 25 °C). pKa <0.5

COMMERCIALISATION
History Fungicide reported by B. von Schmeling & M. Kulka (Science, 1966, 152, 659). Introduced by Uniroyal Chemical Co., Inc. (now Crompton Corp.) in 1969. Patents US 3249499; US 3393202; US 3454391 Manufacturers Crompton; Fengle; Hindustan; Jin Hung; Kemira FC; Sundat

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Inhibits mitochondrial function by disrupting complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) in the respiratory electron transport chain. Mode of action Systemic fungicide. Uses Seed treatment for control of smuts and bunts (particularly loose smut, Ustilago spp.), at 50-200 g/100 kg seed, on barley, wheat, and oats; seedling diseases (particularly Rhizoctonia spp.) of barley, wheat, oats, rice, cotton, peanuts, soya beans, vegetables, maize, sorghum, and other crops. The dimorphic forms do not differ in fungicidal activity. Formulation types SC; FS; WP; Seed treatment. Compatibility Not compatible with pesticides which are highly alkaline or acidic. Selected products: 'Vitavax' (Crompton); 'Hiltavax' (Hindustan); 'Kemikar' (Kemira FC); mixtures: 'Anchor' (+ thiram) (Crompton); 'Vitavax 200FF' (+ thiram) (Crompton)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Oxatin' (Diachem) mixtures: 'Vitaflo Extra' (+ imazalil+ thiabendazole) (Crompton); 'Vitavax Extra' (+ imazalil+ thiabendazole) (Crompton); 'Enhance' (+ gamma-HCH+ maneb) (Gustafson); 'Kick Start' (+ diazinon+ gamma-HCH) (Helena); 'Stiletto' (+ metalaxyl+ thiram) (Trace); 'Vitavax CT' (+ thiram) (Helena); 'Vitavax M DC' (+ captan) (Helena); 'Vitavax M' (+ thiram) (Helena); 'Zaprawa Oxafun T' (+ thiram) (Azot) Discontinued products mixtures: 'Vitavax RS' * (+ gamma-HCH+ thiram) (Uniroyal); 'Vitavax-Plus' * (+ thiabendazole) (Uniroyal); 'Vitavax-R' * (+ thiram) (Uniroyal)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by hplc or gc; details available from Crompton. Residue analysis by gc-msd; details available from Crompton. Drinking water analysis by hplc; details available from Crompton.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 2864 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits >4000 mg/kg. Non-irritating to eyes and skin (rabbits). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >4.7 mg/l air. NOEL NOEL for chronic toxicity (2 y) for rats 1 mg/kg b.w. daily. ADI 0.01 mg/kg. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) U; EPA (formulation) III ('Vitavax 200FF')

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail 3302 mg/kg. Dietary LC50 (8 d) for mallard ducks and bobwhite quail >5000 ppm. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout 2.3, bluegill sunfish 3.6 mg/l. Daphnia EC50 (48 h) >57 mg/l. Algae EC50 (5 d) for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 0.48 mg/l. Other aquatic spp. EC50 (14 d) for Lemna 0.92 mg/l. Bees Not hazardous to bees when used as directed; LD50 >181 mg/bee. Worms LC50 (14 d) for earthworms 500-1000 ppm.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals Extensively metabolised in rats and eliminated mainly in urine and to a lesser extent faeces. Major metabolites in urine are p-hydroxylated carboxin sulfoxide, 4-acetamidophenol and its O-glucuronide. Plants Undergoes oxidation to carboxin sulfoxide and carboxin sulfone. Soil/Environment Soil DT50 <1 d (20 °C). Koc 71.