Carbendazim 多菌灵

多菌灵

多菌灵多菌灵又名棉萎灵、苯并咪唑44号。多菌灵是一种广谱性杀菌剂，对多种作物由真菌（如半知菌、多子囊菌）引起的病害有防治效果。可用于叶面喷雾、种子处理和土壤处理等。

一、名称：
英文通用名称 carbendazim carbendazim
1.化学名：N－（2－苯骈咪唑基）－氨基甲酸甲酯
2.分子式：C9H9N3O2
3.结构式：见图
4.分子量：191.2
二、特性：
本品为无味的粉末，在215－217℃时开始升华，大于290℃时熔融，306℃时分解，
不溶于水，微溶于丙酮、氯仿和其他有机溶剂。可溶于无机酸及醋酸，并形成相应
的盐，化学性质稳定。
三、作用特点
多菌灵为高效低毒内吸性杀菌剂，有内吸治疗和保护作用。
四、药剂特性
纯品为白色结晶固体，原药为棕色粉末。化学性质稳定，原药在阴凉、干燥处贮存2-3年，有效成份不变。对人畜低毒，对鱼类毒性也低。

主要剂型
25%、50%可湿性粉剂，40%、50%悬浮剂，80% 水分散粒剂。

作用机理
干扰病原菌有丝分裂中纺锤体的形成，影响细胞分裂，起到杀菌作用。

防治对象
可与一般杀菌剂混用，但要随配随用。不能与铜制剂混用。
（1）防治瓜类白粉病、疫病，西红柿早疫病，豆类炭疽病、疫病，油菜菌核病，亩用50%可湿性粉剂100－200克，兑水喷雾，于发病初期喷洒，共喷2次，间隔5-7天。 （2）防治大葱、韭菜灰霉病，用50%可湿性粉剂300倍液喷雾；防治茄子、黄瓜菌核病，瓜类、菜豆炭疽病、豌豆白粉病，用50%可湿性粉剂500倍液喷雾；防治十字花科蔬菜、西红柿、莴苣、菜豆菌核病，西红柿、黄瓜、菜豆灰霉病，用50%可湿性粉剂600-800倍液喷雾；防治十字花科蔬菜白斑病、豇豆煤霉病、芹菜早疫病（斑点病），用50%可湿性粉剂700－800倍液喷雾。 以上喷雾均在发病初期第一次用药，间隔7－10天喷1 次，连续喷药2－3次。
（3）防治西红柿枯萎病，按种子重量的0．3-0．5%拌种； 防治菜豆枯萎病，按种子重量的0．5%拌种，或用60-120倍 药液浸种12-24小时。
（4）防治蔬菜苗期立枯病、猝倒病，用50%可湿性粉剂1份，均匀混入半干细土1000－1500份。播种时将药土撒入播种沟后覆土，每平方米用药土10-15公斤。
（5）防治黄瓜、西红柿枯萎病，茄子黄萎病，用50%可湿性粉剂500倍波灌根，每株灌药0．3－0．5公斤，发病重的地块间隔10天再灌第2次。
（6）对花生控旺有一定作用。

注意事项
（l）多菌灵可与 一般杀菌剂混用，但与杀虫剂、杀螨剂混用时要随混随用，不宜与碱性药剂混用。
（2）长期单一使用多菌灵易使病菌产生抗药性，应与其他杀菌剂轮换使用或混合使用。
（3）作土壤处理时，有时会被土壤微生物分解，降低药效。如土壤处理效果不理想，可改用其他使用方法。
（4）安全间隔期15天。

使用方法：
① 防治枣、苹果、梨树等病害：用50%多菌灵或50%超微多菌灵可湿性粉剂600-800倍+1000倍天达2116（果树专用型），或40%多菌灵悬浮剂500-600倍液+1000倍天达2116（果树专用型），于落花后7-10天开始喷药，以后视降雨情况，隔10-15天降雨后喷药，在干旱季节无降雨时可不喷，但在雨季或空气潮湿、夜间树上长时间结露时，无降雨也须按间隔10-15天定期喷药，至果实采收前30-40天停止，可防治枣、苹果、梨等果树的轮纹病、炭疽病等叶果病害。 ② 防治枣树病害：枣树落花后发现病芽梢时，经人工仔细清除病芽梢后，开始喷洒50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂600-800倍液+1000倍天达2116（果树专用型），以后视降雨情况，隔10-15天后喷药1次，可防治黑斑病、褐斑病、炭疽病等病害。在夏季高温高湿季节，对易感病品种病梢不易控制时，可喷洒8000倍40%福星药液+1000倍天达2116（果树专用型）1-2次，或结合夏剪清除病梢，压低菌源，再喷多菌灵或波尔多液。以后每隔10-15天喷洒一次，至果实着色期停止。

注意事项：
①使用时须遵守农药使用防护规程，做好个人防护。
②为延缓病菌抗药性，应与其他杀菌剂交替使用。

carbendazim
Fungicide
FRAC 1, B1; benzimidazole

NOMENCLATURE
Common name carbendazim (BSI, E-ISO); carbendazime ((f) F-ISO); carbendazol (JMAF)
IUPAC name methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate
Chemical Abstracts name methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate
Other names MBC; BMC CAS RN [10605-21-7] EEC no. 234-232-0 Development codes BAS 346F (BASF); Hoe 017411 (Hoechst); DPX-E 965 (DuPont)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Mol. wt. 191.2 M.f. C9H9N3O2 Form Crystalline powder. M.p. 302-307 ºC (decomp.) V.p. 0.09 mPa (20 ºC); 0.15 mPa (25 ºC); 1.3 mPa (50 ºC); separate study gives <0.0001 mPa (20 ºC) KOW logP = 1.38 (pH 5), 1.51 (pH 7), 1.49 (pH 9) Henry 3.6 ´ 10-3 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) S.g./density 1.45 (20 ºC) Solubility In water 29 mg/l (pH 4), 8 mg/l (pH 7), 7 mg/l (pH 8) (24 ºC). In dimethylformamide 5, acetone 0.3, ethanol 0.3, chloroform 0.1, ethyl acetate 0.135, dichloromethane 0.068, benzene 0.036, cyclohexane <0.01, diethyl ether <0.01, hexane 0.0005 (all in g/l, 24 ºC). Stability Decomposes at m.p.; stable for at least 2 y below 50 ºC. Stable after 7 d at 20 000 lux. Slowly decomposed in alkaline solution (22 ºC); DT50 >350 d (pH 5 and pH 7), 124 d (pH 9). Stable in acids, forming water-soluble salts. pKa 4.2, weak base

COMMERCIALISATION
History Fungicide reported by H. Hampel & F. Löcher (Proc. Br. Insectic. Fungic. Conf., 1973, 1, 127, 301). Introduced (1974) by BASF AG, Hoechst AG (now Bayer CropScience) and E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. (who no longer manufacture or market it). Patents US 3657443; GB 1190614 to Du Pont Manufacturers Agro-Chemie; Agrochem; Aimco; BASF; Bayer CropScience; CAC; Gujarat; High Kite; Inquinosa; Jiangsu Eternal; Pilarquim; Sannong; Sharda; Sinon; Sundat

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Inhibits beta-tubulin synthesis. Mode of action Systemic fungicide with protective and curative action. Absorbed through the roots and green tissues, with translocation acropetally. Acts by inhibiting development of the germ tubes, the formation of appressoria, and the growth of mycelia. Uses Control of Septoria, Fusarium, Erysiphe and Pseudocercosporella in cereals; Sclerotinia, Alternaria and Cylindrosporium in oilseed rape; Cercospora and Erysiphe in sugar beet; Uncinula and Botrytis in grapes; Cladosporium and Botrytis in tomatoes; Venturia and Podosphaera in pome fruit and Monilia and Sclerotinia in stone fruit. Application rates vary from 120-600 g/ha, depending on crop. A seed treatment (0.6-0.8 g/kg) will control Tilletia, Ustilago, Fusarium and Septoria in cereals, and Rhizoctonia in cotton. Also shows activity against storage diseases of fruit as a dip (0.3-0.5 g/l). Formulation types OP; SC; SL; WG; WP; Seed treatment. Compatibility Incompatible with alkaline materials. Selected products: 'Bavistin' (BASF); 'Delsene' (DuPont); 'Addstem' (Headland); 'Aimcozim' (Aimco); 'Arrest' (RPG); 'Bencarb' (Reposo); 'Carezim' (Efthymiadis); 'Cekudazim' (Cequisa); 'Derosal' (Bayer CropScience); 'Devistin' (Devidayal); 'Dhanustin' (Dhanuka); 'Fungy' (Ramcides); 'Hinge' (Quadrangle); 'Kolfugo Super' (Agro-Chemie); 'Occidor' (Agriphar); 'Robendazim' (Rotam); 'Sabendazim' (Sanonda); 'Shelter' (Barclay); 'Spotfree' (Crop Health); 'Vicarben' (Vipesco); 'Volzim' (Ralchem); 'Zen' (Nagarjuna Agrichem); mixtures: 'Bayleton Total' (+ triadimefon) (Bayer CropScience); 'Sportak Alpha' (+ prochloraz) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Zaprawa Funaben T' (+ thiram) (Azot)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Agni' (Parry); 'Agrozim' (Chemvet); 'Bavisfor' (IQV); 'Bendazim' (AgroSan, Agrochem); 'Benfil' (Indofil); 'C-Flo' (Stefes); 'Chemcarb' (Chemiplant); 'Defensor' (Tripart); 'Mooncoin' (GreenCrop); 'Pacarzim' (Papaeconomou); 'Pilarstin' (Pilarquim); 'Regain' (Headland); 'Ringer' (SumiAgro); 'Tartan' (Chemiplant); 'Twincarb' (Vitax) mixtures: 'Alert S' (+ flusilazole) (DuPont); 'Contrast' (+ flusilazole) (DuPont); 'Duett' (+ epoxiconazole) (BASF); 'Escudo' (+ flusilazole) (DuPont); 'Konker' (+ vinclozolin) (BASF); 'Punch C' (+ flusilazole) (DuPont); 'Alto Ambel' (+ cyproconazole) (Syngenta); 'Alto Combi' (+ cyproconazole) (Syngenta); 'Apron Elite' (+ cymoxanil+ oxadixyl+ thiram) (Syngenta); 'Bayer UK 413' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, UK) (Bayer CropScience); 'Bayfidan BC' (+ triadimenol) (Bayer CropScience); 'Bayfidan BM' (+ triadimenol) (Bayer CropScience); 'Bravocarb' (+ chlorothalonil) (Syngenta); 'Calidan' (+ iprodione) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Capricorn' (+ epoxiconazole) (Bayer CropScience); 'Cartoon' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, France) (Bayer CropScience); 'Cukarb' (+ copper oxychloride) (Azot); 'Early Impact' (+ flutriafol) (Cheminova); 'Eria' (+ difenoconazole) (Syngenta); 'Folicur C' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, S. Africa) (Bayer CropScience); 'Hispor 45' (+ propiconazole) (Syngenta); 'Inca' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, Belgium) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Jonk' (+ diethofencarb) (Sumitomo, Philagro); 'Libéro' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, France, Belgium) (Bayer CropScience); 'MC Flowable' (+ maneb) (United Phosphorus); 'Novak' (+ prochloraz) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Pacer' (+ flutriafol) (Cheminova); 'Pacha' (+ iprodione) (Philagro); 'Palette' (+ flutriafol) (Cheminova); 'Ridomil mbc' (+ metalaxyl) (Syngenta); 'Soleyou' (+ chlorothalonil) (Calliope); 'Soprano C' (+ epoxiconazole) (Makhteshim-Agan); 'Sparkle 45' (+ propiconazole) (Syngenta); 'Toreador' (+ tebuconazole) (spray, S. Africa) (Bayer CropScience); 'Trial' (+ difenoconazole) (Syngenta); 'Tricur' (+ tebuconazole) (Bayer CropScience); 'Troika' (+ fenbuconazole) (Bayer CropScience); 'Vicarben-S' (+ sulfur) (Vipesco); 'Viram Plus' (+ thiram) (Vipesco); 'Vista C' (+ fluquinconazole) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Vitesse' (+ iprodione) (Bayer CropScience, BASF); 'Wakil' (+ cymoxanil+ oxadixyl+ thiram) (Syngenta) Discontinued products: 'Lignasan' * (DuPont); 'Carbate' * (PBI); 'Focal' * (Schering); 'MSS Mircarb' * (Mirfield) mixtures: 'Cosmic' * (+ maneb+ tridemorph) (BASF); 'Kombat' * (+ mancozeb) (AgrEvo, Hoechst, Stefes); 'Arena Plus' * (+ tecnazene) (Tripart, Hickson & Welch); 'Ashlade Mancarb Plus' * (+ chlorothalonil+ maneb) (Ashlade); 'Ashlade Mancarb' * (+ maneb) (Nufarm Whyte); 'Bolda' * (+ maneb+ sulfur) (Atlas); 'Dual' * (+ maneb) (Headland); 'Dual' * (+ metolachlor+ benoxacor) (Novartis); 'Hobby' * (+ prochloraz) (Ciba); 'Legion' * (+ maneb) (Tripart); 'Multi-W' * (+ maneb) (PBI); 'New Squadron' * (+ maneb) (Quadrangle); 'Pacer' * (+ flutriafol) (Zeneca); 'Palette' * (+ flutriafol) (Zeneca); 'Septal' * (+ mancozeb) (Schering); 'Tecnacarb' * (+ tecnazene) (Hortag); 'Victor' * (+ chlorothalonil+ maneb) (Tripart)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by u.v. spectrophotometry or hplc (CIPAC Handbook, 1998, H, 61). Residues in crops determined using methods for benomyl, hplc (J. J. Kirkland et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 1973, 21, 368; Pestic. Anal. Man., 1979, II; J. E. Farrow et al., Analyst (London), 1977, 102, 752) or fluorimetry or colorimetry of derivatives (H. L. Pease & J. A. Gardiner, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1969, 17, 267; N. Aharonson & A. Ben-Aziz, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 1973, 56, 1330).

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Reviews 74, 76 Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats 6400, dogs >2500 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits >10 000, rats >2000 mg/kg. Non-irritating to skin and eyes (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats, rabbits, guinea pigs or cats, no effect with suspension (10 g/l water). NOEL (2 y) for dogs 300 mg/kg diet, corresponding to 6-7 mg/kg b.w. ADI (JMPR) 0.03 mg/kg b.w. [1995]. Other Acute i.p. LD50 for male rats 7320, female rats 15 000 mg/kg. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) U EC classification R68

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Acute oral LD50 for quail 5826-15 595 mg/kg. Fish LC50 (96 h) for carp 0.61, rainbow trout 0.83, bluegill sunfish >17.25, guppy >8 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) 0.13-0.22 mg/l. Algae EC50 (72 h) for Scenedesmus subspicatus 419, Selenastrum capricornutum 1.3 mg/l. Bees LD50 (contact) >50 mg/bee. Worms LC50 (4 w) for Eisenia foetida 6 mg/kg soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
EHC 149 (WHO, 1993). EHC 149 concludes that, although highly toxic to aquatic organisms, low bioavailability in surface waters makes it unlikely this toxicity will occur in the field. Animals In male rats, following a single oral administration of 3 mg/kg, 66% was eliminated in the urine within 6 hours. Plants Readily absorbed by plants. One degradation product is 2-aminobenzimidazole. Soil/Environment 2-Aminobenzimidazole has been found as a minor metabolite. DT50 in soil 8-32 d under outdoor conditions. Carbendazim decomposes in the environment, DT50 6-12 mo on bare soil, 3-6 mo on turf, and 2-25 mo in water under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. It is mainly decomposed by micro-organisms. Koc 200-250.