azadirachtin
See also The BioPesticide Manual, 2nd Ed., entry 2:100
Insecticide
Structure and stereochemistry, see W. Kraus et al., Tet. Letters, 26(52), 6435 (1985); H. B. Broughton et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm. 1986, 46; and S. V. Ley et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm. 1992, 1304.
NOMENCLATURE
IUPAC name dimethyl (3S,3aR,4S,5S,5aR,5a1R,7aS,8R,10S,10aS)-8-acetoxy-3,3a,4,5,5a,5a1,7a,8,9,10-decahydro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-{(1S,3S,7S,8R,9S,11R)-7-hydroxy-9-methyl-2,4,10-trioxatetracyclo[6.3.1.03,7.09,11]dodec-5-en-11-yl}-4-methyl-10[(E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy]-1H,7H-naphtho[1,8a,8-bc:4,4a-c']difuran-3,7a-dicarboxylate
Chemical Abstracts name dimethyl [2aR-[2aa,3b,4b(1aR*,2S*,3aS*,6aS*,7S*,7aS*),4ab,5a,7aS*,8b(E),10b,10aa,10bb]]-10-(acetyloxy)octahydro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methyl-8-[(2-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)oxy]-4-(3a,6a,7,7a-tetrahydro-6a-hydroxy-7a-methyl-2,7-methanofuro[2,3-b]oxireno[e]oxepin-1a(2H)-yl)-1H,7H-naphtho[1,8-bc:4,4a-c']difuran-5,10a(8H)-dicarboxylate
Other names azad CAS RN [11141-17-6] Development codes N-3101 (Cyclo)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Azadirachtin is the principal insecticidal ingredient of neem seed extracts; these extracts also contain a variety of limonoids, such as nimbolide, nimbin and salannin. 'Neememulsion' is made from material containing 25% w/w azadirachtin, 30-50% other limonoids, 25% fatty acids and 7% glycerol esters. Mol. wt. 720.7 M.f. C35H44O16 Form Yellow-green powder, with a strong garlic/sulfur odour. Neem oil is a dark yellow liquid with a disagreeable, garlic-like odour. M.p. 155-158 °C V.p. 3.6 ´ 10-6 mPa (azadirachtin) Solubility In water 0.26 g/l. Readily soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone and chloroform; insoluble in hexane. Stability Stable in the dark. DT50 50 d (pH 5, room temperature); rapidly decoposed at higher temperatures, in alkaline, and strongly acidic media. Specific rotation [a]D = -53?(c = 0.5 in chloroform) F.p. >140 ºF (Tag closed cup)
COMMERCIALISATION
Production Extracted from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. History Extracts of the neem tree have long been known to have insect-controlling activity; azadirachtin is the principal active ingredient of such extracts. Manufacturers Certis; Cyclo; Fortune; Sharda; Tagros
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Ecdysone antagonist. Mode of action Disrupts insect moulting. Fungicidal and miticidal properties of the hydrophobic extract derive from physical smothering and desiccation. Uses Neem tree extracts, and formulations are used for control of whitefly, leaf miners and other pests including pear psylla. Neem extracts also show anti-feedant and repellent properties, which have been shown to be due to other chemicals such as salannin. A hydrophobic extract shows nematicidal and fungicidal activity. Dihydroazadirachtin is under development as an insecticide. Formulation types EC. Selected products: 'Azatin' (Certis); 'Ecozin' (Amvac); 'Kayneem' (neem oil) (Krishi Rasayan); 'Neemazad' (Certis); 'NeemAzal' (Andermatt, Parry); 'Neememulsion' (Cyclo); 'Neemix' (Certis); 'Neemolin' (seed extract) (Rallis); 'Ornazin' (Amvac); 'Trilogy' (hydrophobic extract of neem oil) (Certis); 'Vineem' (Vipesco)
OTHER PRODUCTS
'Align' (Certis); 'Amazin' (Amvac); 'Aza' (Fortune); 'Bio-neem' (Certis); 'Biotech' (Fortune); 'Blockade' (RPG); 'Bollwhip' (Certis); 'EI-783' (PBI/Gordon); 'Jawan' (J B Chemicals); 'Neem Suraksha' (Karapur Agro); 'Neem Wave' (Karapur Agro); 'Neemactin' (Biostadt); 'Neemgard' (Certis); 'Niblecidine' (Certis); 'Nimbecidine' (Stanes); 'Proneem' (Karapur Agro); 'Triact' (Certis); 'Trineem' (Tagros) Discontinued products: 'Margosan O' * (Thermo Trilogy); 'Neemachtin' * (Suterra)
ANALYSIS
By hplc; details available from Cyclo.
MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats >5000 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits >2000 mg/kg. No skin irritation; slight eye irritation (rabbits). Slight skin sensitisation (guinea pigs). Inhalation LC50 for rats 0.72 mg/l. Toxicity class EPA (formulation) IV
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
On foliage, DT50 c. 17 h; in soil DT50 c. 25 d. Commercial formulations contain stabilisers to retard hydrolytic and photodegradation.
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